Seasonality in Diffusive Methane Emissions Differs Between Bog Microforms

Abstract

Wetlands are the largest natural source of atmospheric methane (CH₄), but substantial uncertainties remain in the global CH₄ budget, partly due to a mismatch in spatial scale between detailed in situ flux measurements and coarse-resolution land surface models. In this study, we evaluated the importance of capturing small-scale spatial heterogeneity within a patterned bog to better explain seasonal variation in ecosystem-scale CH₄ emissions. We conducted chamber-based flux measurements and pore water sampling on vegetation removal plots across different microtopographic features (microforms) of Siikaneva bog, southern Finland, during seasonal field campaigns in 2022. Seasonal and spatial patterns in CH₄ fluxes were analyzed in relation to key environmental and ecological drivers. High-resolution (6 cm ground sampling distance) drone-based land cover mapping enabled the extrapolation of microscale (< 0.1 m²) fluxes to the ecosystem scale (0.75 km²). Methane emissions from wetter microforms (mud bottoms and hollows) closely followed seasonal changes in peat temperature and green leaf area of aerenchymatous plants, while emissions from drier microforms (high lawns and hummocks) remained seasonally stable. This constancy was attributed to persistently low water tables, which moderated environmental fluctuations and reduced seasonality of CH₄ production, CH₄ oxidation and plant-mediated transport. The strong spatial pattern in CH₄ emissions and their seasonal dynamics made both the magnitude and seasonal cycle of ecosystem-scale emissions highly sensitive to the areal distribution of microforms. Our findings underscore the need to integrate microscale spatial variability into CH₄ modelling frameworks, as future shifts in peatland hydrology due to climate change may alter the balance between wet and dry microforms—and with it, the seasonal and annual CH₄ budget.