Metformin Suppresses the Mitochondrial and Transcriptional Response to Exercise Revealing a Conserved BCL6B Associated Angiogenic Program.

Abstract

We have previously demonstrated that the inhibitory effect of metformin on skeletal muscle mitochondrial respiration was associated with attenuated improvements in whole-body insulin sensitivity and cardiorespiratory fitness after aerobic exercise training (AET) in older adults. To identify processes associated with the inhibitory effect of metformin on mitochondrial adaptations to AET, we evaluated the skeletal muscle transcriptome, mitochondrial respiration, and hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) emissions in 7-month-old male C57BL6/J mice after 8-weeks of non-exercise sedentary control (SED) or progressive AET with and without metformin treatment. Similar to our findings in humans, metformin diminished the improvement in whole-body cardiometabolic adaptations and the increase in mitochondrial respiration in both isolated mitochondria and permeabilized muscle fibers after AET in mice. However, AET with or without metformin did not impact resting mitochondrial H₂O₂ emissions. Metformin decreased the number of differentially expressed genes after AET by ~50% and suppressed several transcription factors and signal transduction pathways involved in skeletal muscle proteostasis, myogenesis, oxidative capacity, and angiogenesis. A parallel analysis of human resistance exercise data revealed overlapping metformin-sensitive transcription factors and BCL6B-associated signaling networks implicated in angiogenesis, suggesting a conserved regulatory axis across species and exercise modalities. Collectively, these data demonstrate that attenuation of mitochondrial respiration by metformin coincides with transcriptional repression and identify specific pathways and regulators, such as BCL6B, that may contribute to the suppression of exercise adaptations by metformin.