Essential Oil Compounds as Antibiotic Alternatives: A Comprehensive Review of Antibacterial, Anti-Quorum Sensing, and Antibiofilm Effects Against Vibrio spp. in Aquaculture

Abstract

As global food demand rises, land-based production faces challenges such as limited arable land and sustainability concerns, whereas seafood offers a nutritionally diverse and environmentally sustainable alternative for future food security. Intensified farming has increased Vibrio spp. infections due to their genetic diversity and adaptability to environmental changes. The misuse or overuse of antibiotics in aquaculture exacerbates this issue, contributing to antibiotic resistance, environmental contamination, and residue accumulation in aquatic ecosystems. Given these challenges, exploring alternatives such as essential oil compounds with antibacterial, anti-quorum sensing, and anti-biofilm properties presents a promising approach to enhancing disease management in aquaculture while minimizing environmental impact. Although several studies have investigated the antipathogenic potential of essential oil compounds against Vibrio spp., a comprehensive review specifically addressing their antibacterial, anti-quorum sensing, and antibiofilm activities in aquaculture is lacking. This review aims to fill that gap by providing an in-depth analysis of essential oil compounds, focusing on their mechanisms of action, protective efficacy in aquatic animals, and potential to combat Vibrio-related infections. It also examines how nanoencapsulation systems enhance the stability and functional efficacy of essential oil compounds in seafood applications and reviews recent patents targeting their use against Vibrio spp. Additionally, this review identifies current research gaps. It proposes future directions for the sustainable use of essential oil compounds in aquaculture, emphasizing their potential as natural, eco-friendly alternatives to antibiotics and synthetic chemicals. Ultimately, it seeks to guide researchers in developing environmentally sustainable strategies for managing infectious diseases and improving the health of aquatic animals.