Environmental, energy and economic assessment of four recyclable nano-sized semiconductor photocatalysts to remove 2,4-dichlorophenol

IF 6.7 2区工程技术 Q1 ENGINEERING, CHEMICAL

Journal of water process engineering Pub Date : 2025-07-23 DOI:10.1016/j.jwpe.2025.108351

Ayoob Rezaie , Eshagh khaki , Hamid Boleydei , Benyamin Khoshnevisan , Samaneh Fayyaz

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引用次数: 0

Abstract

As environmental concerns continue to grow, life cycle assessment \LCA) has become a vital tool for assessing the sustainability of different technologies. Photocatalysts are particularly important for water treatment due to their effectiveness in removing organic pollutants. This study investigated the sustainability of four types of photocatalysts in the removal of 2,4-DCP from aqueous solutions using LCA and evaluated their environmental impacts, energy consumption, and economic costs. The ecological consequences of these photocatalysts were evaluated using SimaPro software, which encompasses 18 environmental impact categories and Cumulative Energy Demand (CED). The results of this study indicated that, in most environmental indicators, the rGH photocatalyst had the highest environmental impact, except for terrestrial biotoxicity (TE) and human non-carcinogenic toxicity (HNCT). In contrast, the 10 % rGH-Fe₃O₄@SnO₂/Ag photocatalyst composition demonstrated the lowest environmental impact across all evaluated indicators. Moreover, the analysis of the four photocatalytic processes revealed a significant impact on human health. Among these, the 10 % rGH-Fe₃O₄@SnO₂/Ag photocatalyst demonstrated the highest efficiency, achieving 92.64 %. In terms of energy consumption, the 10 % rGH-Fe₃O₄@SnO₂/Ag required the lowest energy, with a cumulative energy demand (CED) of 0.27 GJ, while rGH had the highest CED at 1.29 GJ. Regarding cost, the Fe₃O₄@SnO₂/Ag option was found to be the most economical, costing $768.47, whereas rGH was the most expensive at $7524.57. In conclusion, the use of the 10 % rGH-Fe₃O₄@SnO₂/Ag photocatalyst is a more effective, cost-efficient, and environmentally friendly method for the removal of 2,4-DCP from aqueous solutions compared to other investigated methods.

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四种可回收纳米半导体光催化剂去除2,4-二氯苯酚的环境、能源和经济评价

随着对环境问题的关注不断增加，生命周期评估（LCA）已成为评估不同技术可持续性的重要工具。光催化剂因其去除有机污染物的有效性而在水处理中尤为重要。本研究考察了四种光催化剂在LCA去除水中2,4-二氯苯酚中的可持续性，并评估了它们的环境影响、能源消耗和经济成本。使用SimaPro软件对这些光催化剂的生态后果进行了评估，其中包括18个环境影响类别和累积能源需求（CED）。本研究结果表明，在大多数环境指标中，除陆地生物毒性（TE）和人类非致癌毒性（HNCT）外，rGH光催化剂的环境影响最大。相比之下，10% rGH-Fe3O4@SnO2/Ag光催化剂组合物在所有评估指标中表现出最低的环境影响。此外，对四种光催化过程的分析揭示了对人类健康的重大影响。其中，10% rGH-Fe3O4@SnO2/Ag光催化剂效率最高，达到92.64%。在能量消耗方面，10% rGH-Fe3O4@SnO2/Ag所需能量最低，累积能量需求（CED）为0.27 GJ，而rGH的累积能量需求最高，为1.29 GJ。关于费用，Fe3O4@SnO2/Ag选择是最经济的，费用为768.47美元，而rGH最贵，为7524.57美元。综上所述，与其他研究方法相比，使用10% rGH-Fe3O4@SnO2/Ag光催化剂从水溶液中去除2,4- dcp是一种更有效、更经济、更环保的方法。

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来源期刊

Journal of water process engineering Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology-Biotechnology

CiteScore

10.70

自引率

8.60%

发文量

846

审稿时长

24 days

期刊介绍： The Journal of Water Process Engineering aims to publish refereed, high-quality research papers with significant novelty and impact in all areas of the engineering of water and wastewater processing . Papers on advanced and novel treatment processes and technologies are particularly welcome. The Journal considers papers in areas such as nanotechnology and biotechnology applications in water, novel oxidation and separation processes, membrane processes (except those for desalination) , catalytic processes for the removal of water contaminants, sustainable processes, water reuse and recycling, water use and wastewater minimization, integrated/hybrid technology, process modeling of water treatment and novel treatment processes. Submissions on the subject of adsorbents, including standard measurements of adsorption kinetics and equilibrium will only be considered if there is a genuine case for novelty and contribution, for example highly novel, sustainable adsorbents and their use: papers on activated carbon-type materials derived from natural matter, or surfactant-modified clays and related minerals, would not fulfil this criterion. The Journal particularly welcomes contributions involving environmentally, economically and socially sustainable technology for water treatment, including those which are energy-efficient, with minimal or no chemical consumption, and capable of water recycling and reuse that minimizes the direct disposal of wastewater to the aquatic environment. Papers that describe novel ideas for solving issues related to water quality and availability are also welcome, as are those that show the transfer of techniques from other disciplines. The Journal will consider papers dealing with processes for various water matrices including drinking water (except desalination), domestic, urban and industrial wastewaters, in addition to their residues. It is expected that the journal will be of particular relevance to chemical and process engineers working in the field. The Journal welcomes Full Text papers, Short Communications, State-of-the-Art Reviews and Letters to Editors and Case Studies