Magnetic Mesoporous Bioactive Glass Nanocomposite for Enhanced Osteogenesis and Angiogenesis in Bone Tissue Engineering.

Abstract

Bone regeneration is a complex process involving multiple biological pathways that require the simultaneous stimulation of osteogenesis and angiogenesis. This study presents a three-step fabrication process for a magnetic mesoporous bioactive glass nanocomposite (CoBTSp) designed to enhance bone tissue regeneration. The platform includes the synthesis of mesoporous bioactive glass nanoparticles codoped with cobalt (Co²⁺) and boron (B³⁺), the creation of well-defined core-shell systems (MBGNs@SiO₂), and final decoration with superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPIONs). Its hierarchical structure enables the controlled and gradual release of bioactive ions, while the components improve biocompatibility and provide magnetic responsiveness for targeted bone therapy. Comprehensive physicochemical characterization confirmed the successful fabrication of CoBTSp, which exhibited superparamagnetic behavior for precise magnetic field localization. In vitro, assays demonstrated that CoBTSp enhanced angiogenic and osteogenic responses by upregulating VEGFA, HIF1A, FGF2, RUNX2, and COL18A1 gene expression. The nanocomposite promoted osteoblast differentiation and stimulated mineral deposition, showing excellent biocompatibility without inducing cytotoxic or genotoxic effects. These findings establish CoBTSp as a promising and versatile platform for bone regeneration, combining remarkable biological functions and controlled ion release with magnetic targeting for improved clinical outcomes. Nonetheless, future research should focus on in vivo testing to optimize therapeutic ion levels and further develop magnetic mesoporous bioactive glass nanocomposites for regenerative medicine.