The Proton-Activated Chloride Channel Inhibits SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein-Mediated Viral Entry Through the Endosomal Pathway

Abstract

SARS-CoV-2 binds to its obligatory receptor, angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) and capitalizes on decreasing endosomal acidity and cathepsin-mediated spike protein cleavage to enter cells. Endosomal acidification is driven by V-ATPase which pumps protons (H⁺) into the lumen. The driving force for H⁺ is maintained by the import of chloride (Cl⁻) which is mediated by intracellular CLC transporters. We have recently identified the Proton-Activated Chloride (PAC) channel as a negative regulator of endosomal acidification. PAC responds to low pH and releases Cl⁻ from the lumen to prevent endosomal hyperacidification. However, its role in SARS-CoV-2 viral entry remains unexplored. Here, we show that overexpressing the PAC channel in ACE2 expressing HEK 293T cells markedly inhibited SARS-CoV-2 spike-mediated viral entry. Several lines of evidence suggest that this effect was due to the suppression of the endosomal entry pathway. First, the abilities of PAC to regulate endosomal acidification and inhibit pseudoviral entry were both dependent on its endosomal localization and channel activity. Second, the inhibitory effect on viral entry was similar to the suppression mediated by E64-d, a cathepsin inhibitor, while no major additive effect for both treatments was observed. Third, this inhibition was also attenuated in cells expressing TMPRSS2, which provides an alternative entry pathway through the cell surface. Importantly, PAC overexpression also inhibited the number and size of plaques formed by two live SARS-CoV-2 isolates (B.1 and Omicron XBB.1.16) in Vero E6 cells. Altogether, our data indicates that PAC plays a vital role in inhibiting SARS-CoV-2 viral entry and identifies this endosomal channel as a potential novel target against the infection of SARS-CoV-2 and other viruses, which rely on the endosomal pathway.