Recent advances in nanomaterial-based electrochemical aptasensors for detecting aquatic toxins in shellfish and freshwater. A review

IF 5.6 1区化学 Q1 CHEMISTRY, ANALYTICAL

Talanta Pub Date : 2025-07-22 DOI:10.1016/j.talanta.2025.128589

Girma Selale Geleta , Douglas P.M. Saraiva , Leonardo M.A. Ribeiro , Jian F.S. Pereira , Mauro Bertotti

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引用次数: 0

Abstract

Aquatic toxins are potent, naturally occurring compounds produced by dinoflagellates, cyanobacteria, and diatoms during harmful algal blooms (HABs) in both freshwater and marine ecosystems. These toxins can accumulate in seafood, such as scallops, oysters, mussels, and certain fish, posing a significant global threat to human health and the environment. The current methods for detecting these aquatic toxins, such as mouse bioassays, liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS), and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), are limited by time-consuming procedures, high costs, and ethical problems. Therefore, there is an immediate need for the advancement of methods that are sensitive, specific, rapid, and affordable for detecting aquatic toxins. Electrochemical biosensors, particularly those incorporating nanomaterials and their composites, exhibit significant potential for enhancing sensitivity due to their large surface area, enhanced catalytic activity, superior electrical conductivity, chemical stability, tunable optical properties, and potential for functionalization. The integration of nanomaterials and their composites with aptamers further enhances the selectivity and specificity of these electrochemical aptasensors. Aptamers, single-stranded oligonucleotides with remarkable affinity and recognition capabilities, are highly valuable in designing nanomaterial-based electrochemical sensors. In comparison to antibodies, aptamers offer numerous benefits, including lower production costs, a smaller molecular weight, enhanced stability, lack of immunogenicity, rapid chemical synthesis, independence from animal sources for their production, ease of transportation, and storage. Therefore, the integration of electrochemical platforms with nanomaterials and aptamers is an effective tool for detecting aquatic toxins, thereby contributing to the protection of public and environmental health. This review focuses on the latest developments in electrochemical aptasensors based on nanomaterials for the detection of aquatic toxins, particularly microcystin-LR (MC-LR), saxitoxins (STX), microcystin-RR (MC-RR), okadaic acid (OA), and cylindrospermopsin (CYN). It explores their fundamental construction principles, methods of signal transduction, performance characteristics, and real-world sample applications of these electrochemical aptasensors in the detection of aquatic toxins. Furthermore, the review addresses existing challenges and outlines future research directions in this vital area of study.

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纳米材料电化学传感器检测贝类和淡水中水生毒素的最新进展。回顾

水生毒素是由鞭毛藻、蓝藻和硅藻在淡水和海洋生态系统中有害藻华（HABs）期间产生的强效天然化合物。这些毒素可以在海鲜中积累，如扇贝、牡蛎、贻贝和某些鱼类，对人类健康和环境构成重大的全球威胁。目前用于检测这些水生毒素的方法，如小鼠生物测定法、液相色谱-串联质谱法（LC-MS/MS）和高效液相色谱法（HPLC），都受到耗时、成本高和伦理问题的限制。因此，迫切需要发展灵敏、特异、快速、经济的水生毒素检测方法。电化学生物传感器，特别是那些结合纳米材料及其复合材料的生物传感器，由于其大的表面积、增强的催化活性、优越的导电性、化学稳定性、可调的光学性质和功能化的潜力，在提高灵敏度方面表现出巨大的潜力。纳米材料及其复合材料与适体的结合进一步提高了这些电化学适体传感器的选择性和特异性。适配体是一种具有显著亲和力和识别能力的单链寡核苷酸，在设计基于纳米材料的电化学传感器中具有很高的价值。与抗体相比，适体具有许多优点，包括生产成本较低、分子量较小、稳定性增强、缺乏免疫原性、快速化学合成、不依赖动物来源生产、易于运输和储存。因此，电化学平台与纳米材料和适配体的集成是检测水生毒素的有效工具，从而有助于保护公众和环境健康。本文综述了基于纳米材料的电化学感应传感器在水生毒素检测中的最新进展，特别是微囊藻毒素- lr （MC-LR）、蛤蚌毒素（STX）、微囊藻毒素- rr （MC-RR）、okadaic酸（OA）和柱状精子蛋白酶（CYN）。它探讨了它们的基本结构原理，信号转导方法，性能特征，以及这些电化学传感器在水生毒素检测中的实际样品应用。此外，本文还阐述了这一重要研究领域存在的挑战和未来的研究方向。

本文章由计算机程序翻译，如有差异，请以英文原文为准。

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来源期刊

Talanta 化学-分析化学

CiteScore

12.30

自引率

4.90%

发文量

861

审稿时长

29 days

期刊介绍： Talanta provides a forum for the publication of original research papers, short communications, and critical reviews in all branches of pure and applied analytical chemistry. Papers are evaluated based on established guidelines, including the fundamental nature of the study, scientific novelty, substantial improvement or advantage over existing technology or methods, and demonstrated analytical applicability. Original research papers on fundamental studies, and on novel sensor and instrumentation developments, are encouraged. Novel or improved applications in areas such as clinical and biological chemistry, environmental analysis, geochemistry, materials science and engineering, and analytical platforms for omics development are welcome. Analytical performance of methods should be determined, including interference and matrix effects, and methods should be validated by comparison with a standard method, or analysis of a certified reference material. Simple spiking recoveries may not be sufficient. The developed method should especially comprise information on selectivity, sensitivity, detection limits, accuracy, and reliability. However, applying official validation or robustness studies to a routine method or technique does not necessarily constitute novelty. Proper statistical treatment of the data should be provided. Relevant literature should be cited, including related publications by the authors, and authors should discuss how their proposed methodology compares with previously reported methods.