Green Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles Using Mangifera indica Leaves and Their Antibacterial Efficacy Against Multidrug-Resistant Bacteria

Abstract

The rise of multidrug-resistant bacteria presents a critical challenge to healthcare, prompting the need for alternative antimicrobial strategies. This study explores the potential of Mangifera indica (mango leaves) combined with silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) as a solution due to their bioactive properties. Phytochemical screening confirmed the presence of key bioactive compounds, including terpenoids, steroids, phenols, flavonoids, tannins, and biomolecules such as magniferin and benzoquinone di-tert-butyl derivative. Silver nanoparticles were synthesised using both aqueous and ethanolic extracts, with the antibacterial efficacy tested against methicillin-resistant Escherichia coli, oxacillin-resistant Klebsiella spp, methicillin-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. The ethanolic extract demonstrated superior antibacterial activity, with inhibition zones of 19.7 mm against E coli, 26.8 mm against Klebsiella spp, 22.9 mm against P aeruginosa, and 24.1 mm against S aureus at 100 mg/ml. The ethanolic extract also exhibited lower minimum inhibitory concentration and minimum bactericidal concentration values, indicating greater potency compared to the aqueous extract. These results align with previous research, where plant-derived AgNPs, particularly from ethanolic extracts, have shown stronger antimicrobial activity due to better solubility of bioactive compounds. Overall, M indica extracts synthesised with AgNPs, especially using ethanol, offer significant potential in combating multidrug-resistant bacteria and provide an eco-friendly alternative to traditional antibiotics. Further research into clinical applications is recommended.