Eriocitrin and its derivatives against Alzheimer’s disease: Cumulative accounts of in vitro and in vivo studies

Abstract

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the most prevalent neurodegenerative disease (ND), and its adversities are not limited to the brain. Due to complex and interconnected pathologies with other NDs, an effective treatment for multidimensional AD-related adversities has yet to be reported. Several phytoconstituents have been reported and are currently being studied for their bioactive potential in AD. Eriocitrin, a dihydroflavonoid compound present in citrus fruits, such as lemons, limes, lemon peels, grapefruit, and vegetables, and processed items, such as beverages and wine, along with its derivatives hesperetin, hesperidin, eriodictyol, and homoeriodictyol, has been reported to possess various neuroprotective bioactivities, including anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidative, anti-amyloidogenic, anti-tau phosphorylation, and anti-apoptotic properties, in several in vitro and in vivo models. However, a comprehensive review summarizing and correlating the multidimensional bioactive potentials of eriocitrin and its derivatives against AD has yet to be compiled. This review extensively discusses the in-depth role of eriocitrin and its derivatives in ameliorating different AD-related signaling pathways both in vitro and in vivo, and summarizes the incorporation of eriocitrin like different plant-based flavonoids in long-term dietary practice to combat AD and other similar NDs. Additionally, this review suggests examining various nano-formulations of eriocitrin and its derivatives for their anti-AD effects in comparison to the parent compound. Furthermore, in-depth in vitro and in vivo studies, along with different clinical trials, should be conducted to fully elucidate the true potential of eriocitrin and its derivatives in AD pathology.