Polymer grafting on MXene as a versatile nanoplatform: Synthesis and applications

Abstract

Polymer grafting on MXene surface and its applications in smart technologies have attracted considerable interest recently. MXenes, a group of two-dimensional (2D) transition metal carbides, nitrides, or carbonitrides, possess remarkable mechanical properties, high surface area, and outstanding electrical conductivity. Covalent polymer grafting on MXene surface through in situ polymerization methods and various coupling reactions forms composite structures with enhanced properties. For example, it can increase the interlayer distance, enhance ion and electron transport, adjust surface hydrophilicity, improve stability in various environments and facilitate the assembly of MXene-polymer structures. These enhanced properties facilitate further development of advanced materials in real-world applications. This review comprehensively examines recent advances in the covalent and non-covalent functionalization of MXenes with polymers, focusing on the underlying coordination chemistry between MXene surface terminations and polymer functional groups. Key advanced polymerization techniques, such as surface-initiated free radical polymerization, controlled radical polymerization, ring-opening polymerization, and Diels-Alder cycloaddition are critically analyzed for their grafting efficiency and control over interfacial architecture. Through case studies across energy devices, sensors, biomedicine, water treatment, and corrosion-resistant coatings, it is highlighted how covalently polymer-grafted MXenes outperform their pristine counterparts. The review concludes by outlining challenges and opportunities for advancing MXene–polymer nanoplatforms through rational design of interfacial chemistry and molecular architecture.