Unravelling the potential mechanisms of nano- and microplastic toxicity to the male reproductive system: A systematic review

IF 2.8 4区 医学 Q2 REPRODUCTIVE BIOLOGY
Paloma da Cunha de Medeiros , Aline Gabrielle Gomes da Silva , Ana Beatriz Silva Angelo , Maria Joana Nogueira de Moura , Unnikrishnan Kannan , Mary Gregory , Julie Dufresne , Cibele dos Santos Borges , Daniel G. Cyr
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Abstract

The ever-increasing presence of microplastic and nanoplastic (MPs/NPs) particles in the natural environment, organisms, and a wide variety of health products, cosmetics, pharmaceuticals, and foods consumed by humans is a global concern. In recent years, research efforts have shifted towards identifying human exposure and risks associated with MPs/NPs, as well as unravelling the mechanisms underlying their toxicity. This systematic review examined the literature regarding the effects of MPs/NPs on the male reproductive system, focusing on the testis, epididymis, and their associated barriers. Research, conducted primarily on rodents, demonstrated that MPs/NPs of various chemical compositions can bioaccumulate in the testis and epididymis, identifying these organs as key targets of plastic particle toxicity. Several studies using rodent models reported alterations in the blood-testis barrier, a crucial structure necessary for proper spermatogenesis. Additionally, multiple studies observed increased apoptosis of germ cells, malformations of spermatozoa, and decreased sperm motility, which is typically acquired during epididymal transit. Exposure to MPs/NPs disrupted Sertoli and Leydig cell function, leading to hormone imbalance. This is likely due to a combination of oxidative stress, inflammation, and disruption of the blood-testis barrier. These effects appear to be influenced by a combination of particle characteristics, including size, shape, chemical composition, surface properties, and exposure route. Larger MPs often cause greater structural damage, while smaller NPs more readily penetrate tissues and trigger molecular disruptions. Understanding how these particles alter male reproductive functions is essential for evaluating their full impact on fertility.
揭示纳米和微塑料毒性对男性生殖系统的潜在机制:系统综述。
微塑料和纳米塑料(MPs/NPs)颗粒在自然环境、生物体以及人类消费的各种保健品、化妆品、药品和食品中不断增加,这是一个全球关注的问题。近年来,研究工作已转向确定与MPs/NPs相关的人类暴露和风险,以及揭示其毒性的机制。本文系统回顾了MPs/NPs对男性生殖系统的影响,重点是睾丸、附睾及其相关屏障。主要在啮齿动物身上进行的研究表明,各种化学成分的MPs/NPs可以在睾丸和附睾中生物积累,从而确定这些器官是塑料颗粒毒性的关键靶点。几项使用啮齿动物模型的研究报告了血睾丸屏障的改变,这是正常精子发生所必需的关键结构。此外,多项研究观察到生殖细胞凋亡增加、精子畸形和精子活力下降,这些通常是在附睾运输过程中获得的。暴露于MPs/NPs会破坏支持细胞和间质细胞的功能,导致激素失衡。这可能是由于氧化应激、炎症和血睾丸屏障破坏的综合作用。这些影响似乎受到颗粒特性的综合影响,包括大小、形状、化学成分、表面特性和暴露途径。较大的MPs通常会造成更大的结构损伤,而较小的NPs更容易穿透组织并引发分子破坏。了解这些微粒如何改变男性生殖功能对于评估它们对生育能力的全面影响至关重要。
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来源期刊
Reproductive toxicology
Reproductive toxicology 生物-毒理学
CiteScore
6.50
自引率
3.00%
发文量
131
审稿时长
45 days
期刊介绍: Drawing from a large number of disciplines, Reproductive Toxicology publishes timely, original research on the influence of chemical and physical agents on reproduction. Written by and for obstetricians, pediatricians, embryologists, teratologists, geneticists, toxicologists, andrologists, and others interested in detecting potential reproductive hazards, the journal is a forum for communication among researchers and practitioners. Articles focus on the application of in vitro, animal and clinical research to the practice of clinical medicine. All aspects of reproduction are within the scope of Reproductive Toxicology, including the formation and maturation of male and female gametes, sexual function, the events surrounding the fusion of gametes and the development of the fertilized ovum, nourishment and transport of the conceptus within the genital tract, implantation, embryogenesis, intrauterine growth, placentation and placental function, parturition, lactation and neonatal survival. Adverse reproductive effects in males will be considered as significant as adverse effects occurring in females. To provide a balanced presentation of approaches, equal emphasis will be given to clinical and animal or in vitro work. Typical end points that will be studied by contributors include infertility, sexual dysfunction, spontaneous abortion, malformations, abnormal histogenesis, stillbirth, intrauterine growth retardation, prematurity, behavioral abnormalities, and perinatal mortality.
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