Valorization of metabolite-enriched carbohydrates from Theobroma biomass via ultrasound-assisted alkaline extraction

IF 10.7 1区化学 Q1 CHEMISTRY, APPLIED

Carbohydrate Polymers Pub Date : 2025-07-15 DOI:10.1016/j.carbpol.2025.124070

Jose Manuel Núñez-Ramírez , Andrea Martelli , Tabitha Halliday , Bradley Thomas , Corinne Wills , Valeria Cannillo , Devis Bellucci , Carlos Carranza , Paola A. García-Rincón , Piergiorgio Gentile , Joel Girón-Hernández

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Abstract

Polysaccharides, widely used in food, pharmaceutical and industrial sectors, are abundant in Theobroma species pod husk waste (T. cacao, T. grandiflorum and T. bicolor). This study examined alkaline extraction using NaOH and KOH with ultrasound assistance to assess the physicochemical and functional properties of the resulting polysaccharides and non-polysaccharides components. The extraction yields of these components varied, with T. cacao-NaOH yielding the highest recovery (38.0 %), followed by T. bicolor-NaOH (14.7 %) and T. grandiflorum-NaOH (8.0 %). NaOH-extracted materials exhibited galacturonic acid content up to 40 %, molecular weight of ∼783 kDa and esterification degree of 38.1 %, while KOH-based extraction retained higher levels of rhamnose (18.0 %) and xylose (28.3 %). Materials extracted via KOH preserved metabolites like proanthocyanidins (1.58 mg catechin equivalent/g in T. grandiflorum), whereas NaOH extraction resulted in greater antioxidant activity, particularly in T. cacao with 127.8 mmol Fe²⁺/g and 3.26 M Trolox equivalent/g in FRAP and ORAC assays. Rheology showed that polysaccharides extracted from T. cacao and T. bicolor exhibited highest viscosity and gel strength (G′ > G″), while those from T. grandiflorum had lower viscosity. Thermal analyses confirmed that NaOH extractions produced stable, gel-forming polysaccharides associated with pectic components. These findings highlight Theobroma pod husks as a valuable waste source for revalorization.

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超声辅助碱法提取可可生物质中富含代谢物的碳水化合物

在可可豆、桔梗豆和双色豆等可可豆属植物的豆荚废料中含有丰富的多糖，广泛应用于食品、制药和工业领域。本研究采用氢氧化钠和氢氧化钾在超声辅助下进行碱性提取，以评价所得多糖和非多糖成分的理化性质和功能特性。这些成分的提取率各不相同，可可- naoh的提取率最高（38.0%），其次是双色- naoh（14.7%）和桔梗- naoh（8.0%）。naoh萃取物的半乳糖醛酸含量高达40%，分子量为783 kDa，酯化度为38.1%，而koh萃取物的鼠李糖（18.0%）和木糖（28.3%）含量较高。通过KOH提取的物质保存了原花青素等代谢物（在桔梗中为1.58 mg儿茶素当量/g），而NaOH提取的物质具有更强的抗氧化活性，特别是在FRAP和ORAC试验中，可可豆的Fe2+含量为127.8 mmol /g， Trolox当量为3.26 M /g。流变学研究表明，从可可树和双色树中提取的多糖具有最高的粘度和凝胶强度(G′>；G″)，而桔梗的黏度较低。热分析证实，氢氧化钠提取产生稳定，凝胶形成的多糖与果胶成分相关。这些发现突出了可可豆荚壳作为一种有价值的废物来源。

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来源期刊

Carbohydrate Polymers 化学-高分子科学

CiteScore

22.40

自引率

8.00%

发文量

1286

审稿时长

47 days

期刊介绍： Carbohydrate Polymers stands as a prominent journal in the glycoscience field, dedicated to exploring and harnessing the potential of polysaccharides with applications spanning bioenergy, bioplastics, biomaterials, biorefining, chemistry, drug delivery, food, health, nanotechnology, packaging, paper, pharmaceuticals, medicine, oil recovery, textiles, tissue engineering, wood, and various aspects of glycoscience. The journal emphasizes the central role of well-characterized carbohydrate polymers, highlighting their significance as the primary focus rather than a peripheral topic. Each paper must prominently feature at least one named carbohydrate polymer, evident in both citation and title, with a commitment to innovative research that advances scientific knowledge.