Exploring the health and biochemical effects of kratom (Mitragyna speciosa) consumption within the local community of Putussibau district, Borneo, Indonesia

Abstract

Background

Mitragyna speciosa Korth, commonly known as kratom, is a native medicinal plant of Southeast Asia, including Indonesia, known for its opioid-like effects. The traditional brewing of kratom has been a longstanding folk remedy, especially within the local community in Indonesia. Our study aims to evaluate the health and biochemical impacts of kratom consumption among regular users in the local community of Putussibau District, Kapuas Hulu Regency, Borneo, Indonesia.

Methods

A total of 75 participants were involved in this cross-sectional study. All surveys were carried out through face-to-face interviews to gather information on participants' sociodemographic characteristics and their history of kratom use. Clinical chemistry analysis (n = 60 participants) was then performed to assess potential alterations in the biochemical parameters of kratom users.

Results

The majority of participants perceived that kratom consumption positively influenced their overall health status. However, these perceived benefits may not consistently supported by corresponding biochemical findings. Kratom users showed an inclination towards elevated LDL and TG levels compared to the reference levels (73 % (44/60) and 58 % (35/60) of the total participants, respectively), as well as increased hs-CRP (62 % (36/60) of the total participants). Notably, individuals consuming higher doses of kratom tended to have a higher BUN levels.

Conclusion

In summary, our study suggests that, in general, individuals who regularly consume brewed kratom over an extended period did not experience undesirable effects. Nevertheless, it is crucial to highlight the potential adverse effects of kratom consumption, including alterations in lipid profile, kidney function, and inflammatory response.