First study of X-ray radiation in 45 MW klystrons via Monte Carlo simulations and in situ measurements

IF 2.2 3区物理与天体物理 Q2 NUCLEAR SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY

Radiation Measurements Pub Date : 2025-07-16 DOI:10.1016/j.radmeas.2025.107484

Xirui Zhou , Yao Yang , Kuangkuang Ye , Lei Yang , Junqiang Zhang , Xue Yang , Hanshang Lin , Zhongquan Li

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引用次数: 0

Abstract

High-power klystrons are essential for generating microwave signals that accelerate charged particles. However, their operation at such high-power levels, typically the average power ranging from several kilowatts to megawatts, raises concerns regarding unintended X-rays production. This investigation focuses on characterizing the X-ray spectrum and dose equivalent rate generated during high-power test conditions before official operation. Using Monte Carlo simulations, the generation and penetration of X-rays are analyzed. Through detection systems, we analyzed the dose rate distributions of X-rays at various locations of the klystron. The energy of X-rays is obtained by shielding attenuation method. The results indicate that significant X-rays production occurs primarily due to the Bremsstrahlung process, which is associated with high-energy electron impacts on the klystron components. The findings reveal that, while the dose rates remain within regulatory safety limits, radiation monitoring and enhanced local shielding are suggested for ensuring the safety of personnel when working close to the klystron.

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通过蒙特卡罗模拟和现场测量首次研究了45兆瓦速调管的x射线辐射

大功率速调管对于产生加速带电粒子的微波信号至关重要。然而，它们在如此高的功率水平下运行，通常平均功率在几千瓦到兆瓦之间，引起了人们对意外产生x射线的担忧。本研究的重点是在正式运行前的高功率测试条件下产生的x射线光谱和剂量当量率。利用蒙特卡罗模拟，分析了x射线的产生和穿透。通过检测系统，我们分析了速调管不同位置的x射线剂量率分布。x射线的能量由屏蔽衰减法得到。结果表明，显著的x射线产生主要是由于轫致辐射过程，这与高能电子对速调管元件的冲击有关。研究结果显示，虽然剂量率仍在规定的安全限度内，但建议进行辐射监测和加强局部屏蔽，以确保在速调管附近工作的人员的安全。

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来源期刊

Radiation Measurements 工程技术-核科学技术

CiteScore

4.10

自引率

20.00%

发文量

116

审稿时长

48 days

期刊介绍： The journal seeks to publish papers that present advances in the following areas: spontaneous and stimulated luminescence (including scintillating materials, thermoluminescence, and optically stimulated luminescence); electron spin resonance of natural and synthetic materials; the physics, design and performance of radiation measurements (including computational modelling such as electronic transport simulations); the novel basic aspects of radiation measurement in medical physics. Studies of energy-transfer phenomena, track physics and microdosimetry are also of interest to the journal. Applications relevant to the journal, particularly where they present novel detection techniques, novel analytical approaches or novel materials, include: personal dosimetry (including dosimetric quantities, active/electronic and passive monitoring techniques for photon, neutron and charged-particle exposures); environmental dosimetry (including methodological advances and predictive models related to radon, but generally excluding local survey results of radon where the main aim is to establish the radiation risk to populations); cosmic and high-energy radiation measurements (including dosimetry, space radiation effects, and single event upsets); dosimetry-based archaeological and Quaternary dating; dosimetry-based approaches to thermochronometry; accident and retrospective dosimetry (including activation detectors), and dosimetry and measurements related to medical applications.