Ethnic Demographic Shifts and the Rise of Early-Onset Esophageal, Gastric and Colorectal Malignancies in the United States.

Abstract

The incidence of early-onset gastric, esophageal, and colorectal cancers has risen rapidly in the U.S. over the past two decades. Genetic predisposition, environmental exposures, and lifestyle factors contribute to these trends, particularly among Hispanic and East Asian patients. This study examines epidemiological influences underlying this growing burden. Recent research highlights genetic susceptibilities, environmental exposures, and dietary habits, such as higher H. pylori prevalence and cancer-associated polymorphisms, as key risk factors. Hispanic patients experience younger-onset gastric cancer and higher rates of non-cardia gastric and advanced-stage colorectal cancer. Additionally, studies highlight East Asia as a region with some of the highest rates of gastrointestinal cancer incidence and mortality. While the specific incidence among early-onset cases remains relatively understudied, preliminary evidence suggests a rising trend in early-onset gastrointestinal cancers in this region. Despite advancements in targeted therapies, young patients face higher cancer-specific mortality. The rising Hispanic and East Asian populations in the U.S. may contribute to increasing early-onset gastrointestinal malignancies due to their unique genetic and environmental susceptibilities. This study is the first to explore the connection between demographic shifts and rising cancer incidence in young Hispanic and East Asian populations. Further research is needed to better characterize and mitigate these concerning trends.