Epigenetic modifications in Bone metabolism: Exploring the link with osteoporosis

Abstract

Osteoporosis is a pervasive skeletal disorder characterized by diminished bone mass and structural deterioration, resulting in heightened fracture risk. While genetic predispositions and hormonal factors have been extensively studied, a significant portion of osteoporosis pathogenesis remains unexplained, necessitating a deeper exploration of the role of epigenetic modifications. This review elucidates the intricate interplay between epigenetic mechanisms, specifically DNA methylation, histone modifications, and non-coding RNAs, and bone metabolism. We discuss how these reversible modifications serve as critical regulators influenced by environmental factors, lifestyle, and age, thus representing a nexus between genetic susceptibility and external risk factors.

Emerging evidence highlights the epigenetic alterations in key genes involved in osteogenesis and osteoclastogenesis, underscoring their contributions to the development of osteoporosis. Furthermore, we explore innovative therapeutic strategies targeting these epigenetic changes, such as DNA methyltransferase inhibitors and histone deacetylase inhibitors, which offer promising routes for restoring normal bone function and providing personalized therapeutic options. The insights garnered from this review position epigenetics as a transformative frontier in osteoporosis research, with the potential to unveil novel biomarkers for early diagnosis and targeted treatment strategies. This comprehensive examination of epigenetic influences on bone health underlines the urgency for continued research in this domain, aiming to improve therapeutic outcomes and enhance overall disease management.