Tantalum–Hafnium: Optical Hydrogen Sensing Materials for High-Temperature Applications

Abstract

Thin film metal hydride optical sensors, especially those made from tantalum, offer a large, hysteresis-free hydrogen sensing range, fast response times and great stability. However, due to the shift in tantalum’s hydrogen sensing ranges with rising temperatures, tantalum becomes inadequate for the detection of low hydrogen concentrations (<10⁺³ ppm) above 200 °C, making it unsuitable for high-temperature applications. We show that the properties of tantalum can be tailored by alloying tantalum with hafnium. Optical transmission measurements, ex situ and in situ X-ray diffraction and X-ray and neutron reflectometry are used to show that the introduction of Hf in Ta results in a solid solution with a stable structure with up to 21% Hf. Alloying Ta with Hf expands the unit cell, which alters the enthalpy of hydrogenation and shifts the sensing range to lower concentrations. Moreover, alloying Ta with Hf improves the sensitivity at low hydrogen concentrations (<10⁺³ ppm) and for temperatures exceeding 200 °C by about two times compared to pure Ta while preserving its large, hysteresis-free sensing range and excellent stability.