Aquatic Sports Injuries: Biomechanics, Injury Patterns, and Imaging in Swimming, Water Polo, and Diving.

Abstract

Aquatic sports, such as swimming, water polo, diving, and artistic swimming, combine endurance, strength, and flexibility with unique biomechanical demands, often leading to sport-specific injuries. Although water is a low-impact environment, the repetitive and high-intensity movements required in these disciplines increase the risk of both acute and overuse injuries. Swimmers frequently encounter shoulder overuse syndromes, water polo players face injuries from throwing and physical contact, and divers are at risk for spinal and wrist injuries during entry impacts. Imaging modalities, particularly magnetic resonance imaging, play a vital role in diagnosing and managing these conditions by providing detailed insights into soft tissue and bone pathologies. Radiographs, ultrasound, and computed tomography also complement the evaluation of specific injuries. This review explores the biomechanics of aquatic sports, the common patterns of injury, and the application of imaging in diagnosis and management for optimal recovery and performance.