The Association of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, Complex Posttraumatic Stress Disorder and Depression: A Network Approach

IF 3.2 3区心理学 Q1 PSYCHOLOGY, CLINICAL

Clinical psychology & psychotherapy Pub Date : 2025-07-18 DOI:10.1002/cpp.70125

Yihan Gai, David Berle

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Abstract

Background

Complex posttraumatic stress disorder (CPTSD) is a newly recognized condition in the ICD-11, characterized by the core symptoms of PTSD alongside disturbances in self-organization (DSO). Network analysis provides a novel approach to understanding the complex relationships between symptoms. While many studies have identified the comorbidity between PTSD/CPTSD and depression, few have focused on CPTSD using network analysis. This study aims to investigate the bridge symptoms between PTSD, DSO and depression.

Method

A sample of 385 US participants who reported at least one lifetime trauma completed the ICD-11 International Trauma Questionnaire (ITQ) and the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9).

Results

The obtained network models were stable. The most central symptoms were ‘Feeling distant or cut off from people’, ‘Feeling down, depressed, or hopeless’ and ‘Feeling like a failure’. The key bridge symptoms in the network were ‘Negative self-concept’, ‘Feeling like a failure’, ‘When I am upset, it takes me a long time to calm down’ and ‘Finding it hard to stay emotionally close to people’.

Conclusions

The results indicate that certain symptoms are considerably more influential within the network. Affective, identity and interpersonal DSO symptoms may play a key role in linking PTSD and depression. These symptoms may be important targets for interventions.

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创伤后应激障碍、复杂创伤后应激障碍和抑郁症的关联：一个网络方法

背景复杂创伤后应激障碍（CPTSD）是ICD-11中新认识的一种疾病，其特征是PTSD的核心症状和自组织障碍（DSO）。网络分析为理解症状之间的复杂关系提供了一种新的方法。虽然许多研究已经确定了PTSD/CPTSD与抑郁症之间的共病，但很少有研究使用网络分析来关注CPTSD。本研究旨在探讨PTSD、DSO和抑郁症之间的桥梁症状。方法选取385名报告至少有一次终身创伤的美国参与者，填写ICD-11国际创伤问卷（ITQ）和患者健康问卷-9 （PHQ-9）。结果得到的网络模型是稳定的。最核心的症状是“感觉疏远或与人隔绝”、“情绪低落、抑郁或绝望”和“感觉自己很失败”。人际网络中的主要桥梁症状是“消极的自我概念”、“感觉像个失败者”、“当我心烦意乱时，我要花很长时间才能平静下来”和“发现很难在情感上与人保持亲密”。结论某些症状在网络中的影响更大。情感、身份和人际DSO症状可能在PTSD和抑郁症之间起关键作用。这些症状可能是干预措施的重要目标。

本文章由计算机程序翻译，如有差异，请以英文原文为准。

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来源期刊

Clinical psychology & psychotherapy PSYCHOLOGY, CLINICAL-

CiteScore

6.30

自引率

5.60%

发文量

106

期刊介绍： Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy aims to keep clinical psychologists and psychotherapists up to date with new developments in their fields. The Journal will provide an integrative impetus both between theory and practice and between different orientations within clinical psychology and psychotherapy. Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy will be a forum in which practitioners can present their wealth of expertise and innovations in order to make these available to a wider audience. Equally, the Journal will contain reports from researchers who want to address a larger clinical audience with clinically relevant issues and clinically valid research.