Mapping drinking water contamination in Gazipur City restaurants using WQI and multivariate analysis.

IF 2.6 4区环境科学与生态学 Q3 ENGINEERING, ENVIRONMENTAL

Water Science and Technology Pub Date : 2025-07-01 Epub Date: 2025-07-02 DOI:10.2166/wst.2025.094

Md Rahadujjaman, Md Rezaul Karim, Rakibul Hasan, Md Habibur Rahman Bejoy Khan, Amimul Ahsan, Md Shahriar Hossain

{"title":"Mapping drinking water contamination in Gazipur City restaurants using WQI and multivariate analysis.","authors":"Md Rahadujjaman, Md Rezaul Karim, Rakibul Hasan, Md Habibur Rahman Bejoy Khan, Amimul Ahsan, Md Shahriar Hossain","doi":"10.2166/wst.2025.094","DOIUrl":null,"url":null,"abstract":"Groundwater is a primary drinking water source in many regions of Bangladesh, necessitating continuous monitoring to ensure safety. This study evaluates groundwater quality in Gazipur City by analyzing 173 water samples collected in 2019 from restaurants across 18 zones. Fourteen physicochemical parameters, including pH, turbidity, total dissolved solids (TDS), electrical conductivity (EC), and major ions, were assessed. Hierarchical cluster analysis grouped the zones into three clusters based on water quality similarities. Three water quality index (WQI) models - integrated WQI (IWQI), assigned weight WQI (AWWQI), and weighted arithmetic WQI (WAWQI) - were applied to assess drinking water suitability. The results showed that 31% (IWQI) and 49% (WAWQI) of samples were unsuitable for drinking. Pearson correlation analysis revealed strong positive correlations among TDS, EC, and color, while negative correlations were observed between pH and color, and fluoride and nitrate. Factor analysis identified industrial effluents, agricultural runoff, and rock-water interactions as major contamination sources. Additionally, microbial analysis confirmed bacterial contamination, with 47% of samples contaminated by Escherichia coli and 64% by total coliform. With rapid urbanization and increasing population density, groundwater pollution is likely to worsen. Therefore, effective monitoring and management strategies are essential to ensure the provision of safe drinking water in Gazipur City restaurants.","PeriodicalId":23653,"journal":{"name":"Water Science and Technology","volume":"92 1","pages":"153-173"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6000,"publicationDate":"2025-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":"0","resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":null,"PeriodicalName":"Water Science and Technology","FirstCategoryId":"93","ListUrlMain":"https://doi.org/10.2166/wst.2025.094","RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":null,"EPubDate":"2025/7/2 0:00:00","PubModel":"Epub","JCR":"Q3","JCRName":"ENGINEERING, ENVIRONMENTAL","Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Abstract

Groundwater is a primary drinking water source in many regions of Bangladesh, necessitating continuous monitoring to ensure safety. This study evaluates groundwater quality in Gazipur City by analyzing 173 water samples collected in 2019 from restaurants across 18 zones. Fourteen physicochemical parameters, including pH, turbidity, total dissolved solids (TDS), electrical conductivity (EC), and major ions, were assessed. Hierarchical cluster analysis grouped the zones into three clusters based on water quality similarities. Three water quality index (WQI) models - integrated WQI (IWQI), assigned weight WQI (AWWQI), and weighted arithmetic WQI (WAWQI) - were applied to assess drinking water suitability. The results showed that 31% (IWQI) and 49% (WAWQI) of samples were unsuitable for drinking. Pearson correlation analysis revealed strong positive correlations among TDS, EC, and color, while negative correlations were observed between pH and color, and fluoride and nitrate. Factor analysis identified industrial effluents, agricultural runoff, and rock-water interactions as major contamination sources. Additionally, microbial analysis confirmed bacterial contamination, with 47% of samples contaminated by Escherichia coli and 64% by total coliform. With rapid urbanization and increasing population density, groundwater pollution is likely to worsen. Therefore, effective monitoring and management strategies are essential to ensure the provision of safe drinking water in Gazipur City restaurants.

查看原文本刊更多论文

用WQI和多变量分析绘制加济浦尔市餐馆饮用水污染图。

地下水是孟加拉国许多地区的主要饮用水源，需要持续监测以确保安全。这项研究通过分析2019年从18个地区的餐馆收集的173份水样来评估加济普尔市的地下水质量。评估了14项理化参数，包括pH、浊度、总溶解固形物（TDS）、电导率（EC）和主要离子。分层聚类分析根据水质相似性将各区域分为3类。采用综合水质指数（IWQI）、指定权重水质指数（AWWQI）和加权算法水质指数（WAWQI） 3种水质指数模型对饮用水适宜性进行评价。结果显示，31% （IWQI）和49% （WAWQI）的样品不适合饮用。Pearson相关分析显示TDS、EC与颜色呈显著正相关，pH与颜色、氟化物与硝酸盐呈显著负相关。因子分析确定工业废水、农业径流和岩石-水相互作用为主要污染源。此外，微生物分析证实细菌污染，47%的样品被大肠杆菌污染，64%的样品被总大肠菌群污染。随着城市化的快速发展和人口密度的增加，地下水污染可能会恶化。因此，有效的监测和管理战略对于确保加济浦尔市餐馆提供安全饮用水至关重要。

本文章由计算机程序翻译，如有差异，请以英文原文为准。

求助全文

约1分钟内获得全文求助全文

来源期刊

Water Science and Technology 环境科学-工程：环境

CiteScore

4.90

自引率

3.70%

发文量

366

审稿时长

4.4 months

期刊介绍： Water Science and Technology publishes peer-reviewed papers on all aspects of the science and technology of water and wastewater. Papers are selected by a rigorous peer review procedure with the aim of rapid and wide dissemination of research results, development and application of new techniques, and related managerial and policy issues. Scientists, engineers, consultants, managers and policy-makers will find this journal essential as a permanent record of progress of research activities and their practical applications.