Quantification of 3D Kinematic Measurements for Knee Flexion and Tibial Rotation Using an IMU-Based Sensor and Ultrasound Imaging System: A Cadaveric Study.

IF 3.4 3区 综合性期刊 Q2 CHEMISTRY, ANALYTICAL
Sensors Pub Date : 2025-07-06 DOI:10.3390/s25134211
Hamid Rahmatullah Bin Abd Razak, Nicolas Chua, Kah Weng Lai
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Abstract

Knee rotational stability is crucial for anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) procedures, yet, current clinical assessments are subjective and lack precision. This study evaluates the accuracy and repeatability of the GATOR system, developed by PreciX Pte Ltd. and integrating ultrasound with inertial measurement units (IMUs), against a reference IMU (Xsens DOTS) for measuring knee flexion and rotation in six cadaveric specimens secured in an Oxford Knee Jig. Two experiments were conducted: (A) knee flexion from 0° to 120°, and (B) internal/external rotation at 0°, 30°, 60°, 90°, and 120° flexion. Analysis using Bland-Altman plots, root mean square error (RMSE: 3.93° for internal rotation, 6.90° for external rotation), mean biases, and paired t-tests (Bonferroni corrected) revealed that GATOR recorded lower peak flexion angles (91.49-114.65°) compared to the reference (110.31-118.49°). For rotation, internal rotation showed narrower limits of agreement than external rotation (biases: 1.91-6.88°). Over 60% of trials had errors < 5°, and 80% < 10°, indicating good agreement. Despite no isolated comparison of GATOR's ultrasound component, findings suggest reduced soft tissue artifact due to bone-referenced sensor alignment. With optimal placement (10-15 cm from the knee center), GATOR shows promise in ACL assessment and remote rehabilitation.

使用基于imu的传感器和超声成像系统量化膝关节屈曲和胫骨旋转的三维运动学测量:一项尸体研究。
膝关节旋转稳定性对前交叉韧带(ACL)手术至关重要,然而,目前的临床评估是主观的,缺乏准确性。这项研究评估了GATOR系统的准确性和可重复性,该系统由PreciX Pte Ltd.开发,将超声与惯性测量单元(IMU)相结合,对比参考IMU (Xsens DOTS),用于测量在牛津膝关节夹具中固定的六个尸体标本的膝关节屈曲和旋转。进行了两项实验:(A)膝关节从0°到120°屈曲,(B)在0°、30°、60°、90°和120°屈曲时进行内/外旋转。使用Bland-Altman图进行分析,均方根误差(RMSE: 3.93°内旋转,6.90°外旋转),平均偏差和配对t检验(Bonferroni校正)显示,与参考文献(110.31-118.49°)相比,GATOR记录的峰值屈曲角(91.49-114.65°)更低。对于旋转,内部旋转的一致性范围比外部旋转窄(偏差:1.91-6.88°)。超过60%的试验误差小于5°,80%的试验误差小于10°,表明一致性良好。尽管没有单独比较GATOR的超声成分,但研究结果表明,由于骨参考传感器对齐,软组织伪影减少。最佳放置位置(距膝关节中心10-15厘米),GATOR在ACL评估和远程康复中显示出前景。
本文章由计算机程序翻译,如有差异,请以英文原文为准。
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来源期刊
Sensors
Sensors 工程技术-电化学
CiteScore
7.30
自引率
12.80%
发文量
8430
审稿时长
1.7 months
期刊介绍: Sensors (ISSN 1424-8220) provides an advanced forum for the science and technology of sensors and biosensors. It publishes reviews (including comprehensive reviews on the complete sensors products), regular research papers and short notes. Our aim is to encourage scientists to publish their experimental and theoretical results in as much detail as possible. There is no restriction on the length of the papers. The full experimental details must be provided so that the results can be reproduced.
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