Exploring the Impact of Online Mental Health Resources During the COVID-19 Pandemic on Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transgender, Queer, and Questioning Adults Compared to Heterosexual Adults: Pretest-Posttest Survey Analyses.
{"title":"Exploring the Impact of Online Mental Health Resources During the COVID-19 Pandemic on Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transgender, Queer, and Questioning Adults Compared to Heterosexual Adults: Pretest-Posttest Survey Analyses.","authors":"Natalia Ramos, Skylar Jones, Lily Zhang, Miriam Nuño, Benita Ramsey, Dannie Ceseña, Alyssa Mireles, Kenneth Wells","doi":"10.2196/67082","DOIUrl":null,"url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, queer, and questioning (LGBTQ+) individuals faced greater mental health challenges during the COVID-19 pandemic than binary-gender heterosexual (non-LGBTQ+) adults. The Together for Wellness/Juntos por Nuestro Bienestar website with free well-being resources, developed during the COVID-19 pandemic with partner input, included LGBTQ+ resources. A pilot evaluation among adults (aged ≥18 years) found engagement with and use of the website 4 to 6 weeks before follow-up was associated with reduced (pretest-posttest) depression. Results for LGBTQ+ participants were not reported.</p><p><strong>Objective: </strong>This study describes baseline depression, anxiety, and website engagement for LGBTQ+ compared with non-LGBTQ+ adults and pretest-posttest changes in depression and anxiety (the primary outcome).</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Community partners invited health and social services providers, clients, and partners to visit the website and complete a survey app (Chorus Innovations) at baseline (September 20, 2021-April 4, 2022) and a 4- to 6-week follow-up (October 22, 2021-May 17, 2022). LGBTQ+ adults were compared to non-LGBTQ+ adults in demographics, website use, depression, and anxiety. Sensitivity analyses were adjusted for nonresponse (inverse probability weighting). Regression analyses identified predictors for reduction (pretest-posttest) in depression (2-item Patient Health Questionnaire [PHQ-2]) and anxiety (2-item Generalized Anxiety Disorder scale [GAD-2]).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Of 315 adults who completed the baseline survey and 193 who completed the follow-up survey, 64 (20.3%) and 37 (19.2%), respectively, were LGBTQ+. At baseline, LGBTQ+ compared to non-LGBTQ+ adults had higher scores on the PHQ-2 (mean 2.4, SD 1.7 vs 1.3, SD 1.3; t<sub>294</sub>=5.31; P<.001) and GAD-2 (mean 2.7, SD 1.7 vs 1.6, SD 1.5; t<sub>295</sub>=4.96; P<.001) and more COVID-19 stressors (mean score 8.1, SD 4.4 vs 6.5, SD 4.0; t<sub>298</sub>=2.8; P=.003). Before follow-up, LGBTQ+ adults had similar website use (P=.65) and likelihood to recommend the website to others (P=.26) compared to non-LGBTQ+ adults. LGBTQ+ adults had more reduction (pretest-posttest) in mean GAD-2 scores (-0.8, SD 2.0 vs 0.0, SD 1.2; t<sub>177</sub>=-3.08; P=.002) and mean PHQ-2 scores (-0.7, SD 1.7 vs -0.1, SD 1.4; t<sub>180</sub>=-2.16; P=.03) compared to non-LGBTQ+ adults. For LGBTQ+ adults, predictors of pretest-posttest decline (adjusting for nonresponse) in mean GAD-2 scores included visiting the website and using resources 4 to 6 weeks before (β=-1.95, 95% CI -3.20 to -0.70; P=.003); for decline in mean PHQ-2, visiting website/using resources had a trend as predictor that was not significant adjusting for nonresponse (β=-.94 (-2.00, 0.013), P=.09).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>LGBTQ+ adults reported higher baseline depression, anxiety, and COVID-19 stressors than non-LGBTQ+ adults. Among LGBTQ+ but not among non-LGBTQ+ adults, higher website use was associated with reduced anxiety over time. Findings suggest that online resources may promote well-being for LGBTQ+ adults in pandemics.</p>","PeriodicalId":14841,"journal":{"name":"JMIR Formative Research","volume":"9 ","pages":"e67082"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0000,"publicationDate":"2025-07-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":"0","resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":null,"PeriodicalName":"JMIR Formative Research","FirstCategoryId":"1085","ListUrlMain":"https://doi.org/10.2196/67082","RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":null,"ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":null,"EPubDate":"","PubModel":"","JCR":"Q3","JCRName":"HEALTH CARE SCIENCES & SERVICES","Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Abstract
Background: Lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, queer, and questioning (LGBTQ+) individuals faced greater mental health challenges during the COVID-19 pandemic than binary-gender heterosexual (non-LGBTQ+) adults. The Together for Wellness/Juntos por Nuestro Bienestar website with free well-being resources, developed during the COVID-19 pandemic with partner input, included LGBTQ+ resources. A pilot evaluation among adults (aged ≥18 years) found engagement with and use of the website 4 to 6 weeks before follow-up was associated with reduced (pretest-posttest) depression. Results for LGBTQ+ participants were not reported.
Objective: This study describes baseline depression, anxiety, and website engagement for LGBTQ+ compared with non-LGBTQ+ adults and pretest-posttest changes in depression and anxiety (the primary outcome).
Methods: Community partners invited health and social services providers, clients, and partners to visit the website and complete a survey app (Chorus Innovations) at baseline (September 20, 2021-April 4, 2022) and a 4- to 6-week follow-up (October 22, 2021-May 17, 2022). LGBTQ+ adults were compared to non-LGBTQ+ adults in demographics, website use, depression, and anxiety. Sensitivity analyses were adjusted for nonresponse (inverse probability weighting). Regression analyses identified predictors for reduction (pretest-posttest) in depression (2-item Patient Health Questionnaire [PHQ-2]) and anxiety (2-item Generalized Anxiety Disorder scale [GAD-2]).
Results: Of 315 adults who completed the baseline survey and 193 who completed the follow-up survey, 64 (20.3%) and 37 (19.2%), respectively, were LGBTQ+. At baseline, LGBTQ+ compared to non-LGBTQ+ adults had higher scores on the PHQ-2 (mean 2.4, SD 1.7 vs 1.3, SD 1.3; t294=5.31; P<.001) and GAD-2 (mean 2.7, SD 1.7 vs 1.6, SD 1.5; t295=4.96; P<.001) and more COVID-19 stressors (mean score 8.1, SD 4.4 vs 6.5, SD 4.0; t298=2.8; P=.003). Before follow-up, LGBTQ+ adults had similar website use (P=.65) and likelihood to recommend the website to others (P=.26) compared to non-LGBTQ+ adults. LGBTQ+ adults had more reduction (pretest-posttest) in mean GAD-2 scores (-0.8, SD 2.0 vs 0.0, SD 1.2; t177=-3.08; P=.002) and mean PHQ-2 scores (-0.7, SD 1.7 vs -0.1, SD 1.4; t180=-2.16; P=.03) compared to non-LGBTQ+ adults. For LGBTQ+ adults, predictors of pretest-posttest decline (adjusting for nonresponse) in mean GAD-2 scores included visiting the website and using resources 4 to 6 weeks before (β=-1.95, 95% CI -3.20 to -0.70; P=.003); for decline in mean PHQ-2, visiting website/using resources had a trend as predictor that was not significant adjusting for nonresponse (β=-.94 (-2.00, 0.013), P=.09).
Conclusions: LGBTQ+ adults reported higher baseline depression, anxiety, and COVID-19 stressors than non-LGBTQ+ adults. Among LGBTQ+ but not among non-LGBTQ+ adults, higher website use was associated with reduced anxiety over time. Findings suggest that online resources may promote well-being for LGBTQ+ adults in pandemics.
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