Fire retarded fibre-reinforced composites: Effect of heat and fire on carbon fibre oxidation and resultant properties

IF 12.7 1区材料科学 Q1 ENGINEERING, MULTIDISCIPLINARY

Composites Part B: Engineering Pub Date : 2025-07-08 DOI:10.1016/j.compositesb.2025.112790

Francesca McKenzie , Baljinder K. Kandola , A. Richard Horrocks , Emmajane Erskine

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Abstract

This study has investigated the impact of fire retardants in carbon fibre-reinforced epoxy composites (CFRC) on physico-mechanical and oxidative properties of carbon fibres after exposure of CFRCs to high temperatures and fire. Three fire retardants were chosen based on their activity in condensed phase (ammonium polyphosphate, APP) and/or vapour phase (9,10-dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide, DOPO, and resorcinol bis-(diphenyl phosphate), RDP). The composites were subjected to high heat fluxes (75–116 kWm^-2) and fire using a cone calorimeter and propane burner. Post-exposure, the carbon fibres extracted from different plies were analysed for surface oxidation, mass loss, diameter reduction, and changes in tensile and electrical properties. Carbon fibres exhibited differing degrees of oxidation across the plies, with surface ply fibres showing greater oxidation and diameter reductions, while underlying plies experienced limited oxidation due to restricted oxygen access. The charred residues from fire-retarded samples (residue levels: APP > RDP > DOPO > control) adhered to the fibres, reducing oxidation and preserving tensile properties. However, the charred residues increased the electrical conductivity of the carbon fibres. This analysis has enabled the evaluation of each retardant's effectiveness.

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阻燃纤维增强复合材料：热和火对碳纤维氧化和合成性能的影响

本研究研究了碳纤维增强环氧复合材料（CFRC）中阻燃剂对碳纤维高温和火灾后物理力学性能和氧化性能的影响。根据其在凝聚相（聚磷酸铵，APP）和/或气相（9,10-二氢-9-氧-10-磷菲-10-氧化物，DOPO和间苯二酚二-（磷酸二苯酯），RDP）中的活性选择了三种阻燃剂。利用锥形量热计和丙烷燃烧器对复合材料进行了高热流密度（75-116 kWm-2）和火处理。暴露后，从不同层中提取的碳纤维进行了表面氧化、质量损失、直径减小以及拉伸和电性能变化的分析。碳纤维在不同层间表现出不同程度的氧化，表面层纤维表现出更大的氧化和直径减少，而底层层由于氧气进入受限而氧化有限。阻燃样品的烧焦残留物(残留量：APP >；RDP祝辞DOPO祝辞控制)粘附在纤维上，减少氧化并保持拉伸性能。然而，烧焦的残留物增加了碳纤维的导电性。这一分析使得评估每种阻燃剂的有效性成为可能。

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来源期刊

Composites Part B: Engineering 工程技术-材料科学：复合

CiteScore

24.40

自引率

11.50%

发文量

784

审稿时长

21 days

期刊介绍： Composites Part B: Engineering is a journal that publishes impactful research of high quality on composite materials. This research is supported by fundamental mechanics and materials science and engineering approaches. The targeted research can cover a wide range of length scales, ranging from nano to micro and meso, and even to the full product and structure level. The journal specifically focuses on engineering applications that involve high performance composites. These applications can range from low volume and high cost to high volume and low cost composite development. The main goal of the journal is to provide a platform for the prompt publication of original and high quality research. The emphasis is on design, development, modeling, validation, and manufacturing of engineering details and concepts. The journal welcomes both basic research papers and proposals for review articles. Authors are encouraged to address challenges across various application areas. These areas include, but are not limited to, aerospace, automotive, and other surface transportation. The journal also covers energy-related applications, with a focus on renewable energy. Other application areas include infrastructure, off-shore and maritime projects, health care technology, and recreational products.