Male Breast Cancer: Evaluating the Current Landscape of Diagnosis and Treatment.

Abstract

Male breast cancer (MBC) is a rare condition, comprising less than 1% of all breast cancer cases. This review examines the epidemiology, risk factors, clinical presentation, diagnostic approaches, and treatment strategies for MBC in both early and advanced stages. Early diagnosis of MBC poses a significant challenge, as men typically present with more advanced disease than women with breast cancer, likely due to limited awareness and delayed medical care. Data guiding treatment strategies remain limited, as most clinical trials have historically excluded male participants. This review provides a comprehensive analysis of recent advances in MBC, critically examines current diagnostic and therapeutic gaps, and outlines emerging research priorities. By emphasizing the limitations of existing evidence and the urgent need for male-specific clinical trials, this manuscript presents a forward-looking perspective aimed at fostering more inclusive research to develop tailored, evidence-based strategies for male patients.