Salinity-tolerant rice: A sustainable solution for food security and greenhouse gas mitigation

Abstract

Methane (CH₄) emissions pose a significant environmental challenge worldwide. Rice cultivation, reliant on flooded fields, accounts for over 45 % of these emissions. Projections indicate that by 2030, CH₄ emissions from rice are expected to increase by 35–60 %. Effective emission reduction strategies include direct seeded rice (DSR) and alternative wetting and drying (AWD) techniques. This review examines CH₄ emissions in saline rice ecosystems, highlighting substantial evidence that emissions are lower in these environments. We explore the distinctive microbial processes within saline environments that modify molecular and physiological pathways, ultimately inhibiting methanogenic microorganisms and reducing CH₄ emissions. Furthermore, we underscore the remarkable potential of saline ecosystems to enhance food security while curbing CH₄ emissions. We also discuss the urgent need to develop next-generation, salinity-resistant rice varieties using modern tools and technologies that address high-salinity conditions. Conclusively, salinity-tolerant rice offers the dual benefits of increased food security and reduced environmental impact, thereby fostering sustainable agricultural practices in saline ecosystem regions.