Antimicrobial resistance in Salmonella: One Health perspective on global food safety challenges

Rahul Kumar , Nurudeen Olatunbosun Adeyemi , Sourav Chattaraj , Wiem Alloun , A.K.A.N.W.M.R.K. Thamarsha , Snežana Anđelković , Debasis Mitra , Pankaj Gautam
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Abstract

Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in Salmonella is a major concern in terms of human health, environmental sustainability, and global food security. Salmonella, the world's most prevalent foodborne pathogen, has gradually gained resistance to important drugs, complicating treatment efforts and leading to rising morbidity, mortality, and economic costs. Overuse of antibiotics in human medicine and agriculture, inadequate regulatory compliance, and environmental pollution from agricultural runoff and treated sewage all contribute to the growth and spread of AMR in Salmonella. Health as well as viewpoints on environmental, animal, and human health will be required to address this complicated problem. This includes promoting reasonable antibiotic use, improving global surveillance systems, and researching novel treatments including phage therapy, probiotics, and new antibiotics. Proposals for vaccination and precise food safety standards are critical for limiting Salmonella transmission across the food chain. Despite significant progress, critical research gaps continue, specifically in understanding the molecular basis of resistance and the role of environmental practices. However, contemporary research endeavors are concentrated on identifying and comprehending the prevalence of extensively drug-resistant Salmonella strains, elucidating the bacterium's defense mechanisms against antibiotics, and investigating outbreaks associated with vegetables. Global surveillance, the development of alternative therapies, and the implementation of stricter antibiotic policies are essential strategies in addressing AMR in Salmonella. Additionally, policy design and implementation, capacity building in low- and middle-income countries, and raising public awareness all necessitate urgent global collaboration among governments, international agencies, non-governmental organizations, and the corporate sector. Stricter regulations on overuse of antibiotics in agriculture is also called for. This review highlights the importance of multi-disciplinary struggles in engaging Salmonella, as integrated resolutions through a One Health approach are crucial for ensuring food safety, preserving public health, and minimizing the worldwide threat of AMR.
沙门氏菌的抗微生物药物耐药性:全球食品安全挑战的健康视角
沙门氏菌的抗微生物药物耐药性(AMR)是人类健康、环境可持续性和全球粮食安全方面的一个主要问题。沙门氏菌是世界上最普遍的食源性病原体,已逐渐对重要药物产生耐药性,使治疗工作复杂化,并导致发病率、死亡率和经济成本上升。在人类医学和农业中过度使用抗生素,不充分遵守法规,以及农业径流和处理过的污水造成的环境污染,都有助于沙门氏菌中抗生素耐药性的生长和传播。要解决这个复杂的问题,就需要健康以及对环境、动物和人类健康的看法。这包括促进合理使用抗生素,改善全球监测系统,以及研究新的治疗方法,包括噬菌体治疗、益生菌和新的抗生素。疫苗接种建议和精确的食品安全标准对于限制沙门氏菌在整个食物链中的传播至关重要。尽管取得了重大进展,但关键的研究差距仍然存在,特别是在了解耐药性的分子基础和环境实践的作用方面。然而,当代的研究努力集中在识别和理解广泛耐药沙门氏菌菌株的流行,阐明细菌对抗生素的防御机制,以及调查与蔬菜有关的爆发。全球监测、开发替代疗法和实施更严格的抗生素政策是解决沙门氏菌耐药性的基本策略。此外,政策设计和实施、低收入和中等收入国家的能力建设以及提高公众意识都需要政府、国际机构、非政府组织和企业部门之间的紧急全球合作。还呼吁对农业中过度使用抗生素采取更严格的规定。这篇综述强调了多学科斗争在处理沙门氏菌方面的重要性,因为通过“同一个健康”方法的综合解决方案对于确保食品安全、维护公众健康和最大限度地减少抗生素耐药性的全球威胁至关重要。
本文章由计算机程序翻译,如有差异,请以英文原文为准。
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