Differentiated instruction in Turkish classrooms: Practices, teacher experiences and barriers

Abstract

Despite the growing body of research on differentiated instruction (DI), the experiences of teachers outside of Anglo-European contexts remain underexplored. This study, based on the DI-Quest model, examines Turkish teachers’ self-reported DI-Quest data, its links with demographic characteristics, and barriers to DI practices. Using a mixed methods sequential explanatory design, quantitative data from 472 teachers (470 valid forms) and interviews with 12 teachers in Izmir were analysed. Findings reveal that private school teachers implement DI more frequently, facing fewer barriers due to better support systems, including smaller classes, adequate infrastructure, professional development, diverse resources, supportive management, and parent collaboration. Interestingly, DI practices decline among more experienced teachers. Qualitative insights identify significant obstacles, such as intensive curricula, exam pressure, overcrowded classrooms, time constraints, inadequate resources, administrative challenges, and resistance from colleagues. The study underscores the multifaceted challenges within and beyond schools, emphasizing the need for systemic support. Contextual factors affecting DI in Türkiye are highlighted, urging targeted interventions.