Reviewing the Challenges Toward Sustainable and Carbon-Neutral E-Fuels

Abstract

Decarbonizing transportation, especially aviation, shipping, and trucking, is challenging. E-fuels offer a solution by using renewable electricity to produce carbon-neutral fuels compatible with current engines and infrastructure. Created from hydrogen via electrolysis and CO₂ from the atmosphere or industrial processes, e-fuels mimic conventional fuels, allowing use without major modifications. Key processes include hydrogen generation, CO₂ capture, and synthesis. This study consolidates knowledge, addresses research gaps, and aims to stimulate innovation.