Promoting conservation sustainability: Analysing biomaterials in 6–8th century Aurangabad cave mud plasters

Abstract

This pioneering study offers a fresh perspective on ancient Indian mural artistry by analyzing the biomaterial composition of 6th-8th century mud plasters from the Aurangabad Caves. Using advanced techniques—Stereo Microscopy, Polarized Light Microscopy, FTIR, and GC/MS—the research identifies previously undocumented organic additives, including Echinochloa and millet grains, Fumaria seeds, proteins, waxes, and natural resins. The absence of rice husk and strategic use of straw and Echinochloa grains reveal a unique adaptation to the semi-arid climate, enhancing plaster durability, water repellence, and crack resistance. This first-of-its-kind analysis uncovers the sophisticated material selection by ancient artisans, offering insights for eco-friendly restoration of historic mud plasters. The study bridges historical craftsmanship with modern sustainable practices, contributing to low-carbon building methods and environmental sustainability.