A Late Glacial and Holocene sugar biomarker-based δ18O paleoclimate record from the Afro-alpine Central Lake, Bale Mountains, Ethiopia

Abstract

The Eastern African region is an amalgamation of complex climate systems nestled in contrasting topographic barriers. Although rift basins are prime targets for studying the climate of the past, high-altitude climate archives in the context of paleoclimate research also offer invaluable insight and have yet to be fully explored. Here, we present a 17 kyr hydroclimate history of the Afro-alpine (4121 m a.s.l) Central Lake using a δ¹⁸O record established by analyzing hemicellulose-derived sugar biomarkers. The sugar biomarker patterns with a dominance of fucose indicate the predominance of autochthonous sedimentary organic matter. Therefore, the oxygen isotopic variability of the sugar biomarkers in general and of fucose in particular (δ¹⁸O_fucose) reflects δ¹⁸O_{lake water} being controlled by climatic conditions, particularly lake water ¹⁸O enrichment by evaporation. Our δ¹⁸O_fucose record from Central Lake indicates strong enrichment during the Late Glacial. Around 15 cal kyr BP, the onset of more humid climate marks the beginning of the African Humid Period (AHP) in the Bale Mountains. The AHP was interrupted by an arid period during the Late Glacial – Holocene transition roughly coinciding with the Younger Dryas (YD). After the YD, humid climatic conditions prevailed again until the Late Holocene when a gradual shift towards drier climate started. Our δ¹⁸O_fucose record and interpretation agree well with the findings from adjacent low-altitude archives of Eastern Africa, the Indian Ocean paleoclimate records and the Asian Monsoon Domain, which suggests region-wide hydro-climatic teleconnections.