Link between dysbiosis and cancer: Contributing mechanisms and factors.

Abstract

The human microbiota is a complex ecosystem that dynamically interacts with the host systemically. Perturbations in the delicate balance of this ecological niche, termed dysbiosis, can make individuals susceptible to a multitude of diseases, including cancer. Specific microbes have been implicated in carcinogenesis through direct effects, modulation of the host immune system, and by promoting inflammation. Furthermore, the microbiota alters the response to and efficacy of anti-cancer therapeutics. Here, we highlight mechanisms by which dysbiosis contributes to cancer development, progression, and therapy as well as how the microbiota can be targeted to enhance cancer outcomes.