Health disorders in menopausal women: microbiome alterations, associated problems, and possible treatments.

Abstract

Perimenopause marks a critical transition in women's lives, characterized by declining estrogen levels that trigger profound physiological and psychological changes, impacting quality of life and increasing susceptibility to age-related degenerative diseases. This review systematically examines the intricate relationships among menopause, disease associations, microbiome alterations, and intervention strategies. Estrogen fluctuations disrupt the microbial balance in the vagina, intestine, urethra, and oral cavity, contributing to microecological imbalance and heightened disease risk. Menopause is closely linked to a spectrum of health issues, including reproductive system disorders (e.g., uterine fibroids, ovarian cancer microbiota changes), metabolic syndromes (obesity, type 2 diabetes), cardiovascular diseases (influenced by gut microbiota and dietary patterns), osteoporosis, and mental health disturbances. Current interventions-ranging from dietary modifications (cocoa polyphenols, dietary fiber, soy isoflavones) and menopausal hormone therapy (MHT) to probiotic supplementation, plant extracts (soybean, black cohosh, red clover), and traditional therapies-exhibit distinct advantages and limitations. Technological advancements in microbiome analysis, tissue processing, and cell isolation have revolutionized diagnostic and therapeutic approaches, while immune function, socioeconomic factors, and lifestyle choices significantly modulate health outcomes. Future research should prioritize exploring synergistic intervention strategies, developing personalized health management programs, and unraveling the mechanistic links between the microbiome and menopause-related diseases. This comprehensive synthesis aims to advance evidence-based strategies for improving the health and quality of life of menopausal women.