Progress in Dried Microsampling for MS-Based Protein Analysis

Abstract

The current review provides an overview of the recent progress (2020–January 2025) in dried microsampling for mass spectrometry (MS) based protein analysis. A systematic search was performed to find the literature. Most of the applications are clinical, primarily focusing on targeted biomarker determination. This includes several multiplex methods, allowing simultaneous biomarker evaluation, offering significant advantages over traditional assays. Microsampling is also described in non-targeted proteomics screenings, aiming to discover new biomarkers across different application areas including disease diagnostics and lifestyle monitoring. Especially for the latter, the noninvasive nature is convenient as it enables more frequent sampling. The review discusses the use of microsampling in analysis of samples from animals, the quality of dried microsamples, as well as alternative sampling matrices and sampling materials. Although microsampling is more widely used, challenges such as long response time and tedious sample preparation remain, prompting innovations in the field. One example of this is smart sampling, where enzymatic or antibody functionalities are integrated directly on sampling media, simplifying sample preparation and enhancing analytical precision. As technology advances, dried microsampling in MS based protein analysis is expected to become increasingly important in clinical and research settings. Future innovations are anticipated to expand the utility and extend the adoption of dried microsamples in MS-based protein analyses.