Comprehensive analysis of the phytochemicals, antioxidant, antibacterial and mosquitocidal activities in Canthium coromandelicum (Burm.f.) Alston

Abstract

Plants have been integral to human health and medicine since ancient times. This study investigates the therapeutic potential of Canthium coromandelicum (Burm.f.) Alston through comprehensive phytochemical analysis, evaluation of antioxidant properties, mosquitocidal and assessment of antibacterial activities. The plant extract was subjected to qualitative and quantitative phytochemical analyses to identify and quantify its bioactive compounds. Antioxidant activity was assessed using various solvent based various assays including 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl free radical scavenging, 2,2′-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) assay, Ferric reducing antioxidant power assay, Nitric oxide assay and Super oxide assays, while antibacterial efficacy was evaluated against selected bacterial strains through disc diffusion determination. Finally different solvent of C. coromandelicum against dengue vector Aedes aegypti. Results revealed a rich phytochemical profile including flavonoids, phenols, tannins and terpenoids. Flavonoids were rich in presented the methanol (131.23 ± 3.13 mg RUE/g extract) extract compared with other solvent extracts. In GCMS analysis we have observed 19 phytocomponents were presented in the ethyl acetate extract, 27 phytocomponents from hexane extract, 13 phytocomponents from methanol and 19 phytocomponents from aqueous extract, respectively. The major dominant bioactive compounds are Squalene (53.93 %), 2-Pyrrolidinethione, 1-phenyl (57.08 %), Isoquinoline (59 %), 2H-Pyrazol-3-ol, 5-furan-2-yl- (22.56 %), 3-Pyridinecarboxamide (22.31 %) and 2-Imino-3-ethylbenzothiazoline (16.74 %) respectively. The extract exhibited significant antioxidant potential, indicative of its free radical scavenging ability and reducing power. Furthermore, notable antibacterial activities were observed against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, suggesting promising therapeutic applications. Finally, in mosquitocidal assay the methanol extract having significant mortality were observed in lower concentration compared to another solvent, the LC₅₀ values ranged 209.752 µg/mL (2nd instar) and 267.735 µg/mL (3rd instar) in methanol extract. These findings underscore C. coromandelicum potential as a source of natural antioxidants, mosquitocidal and antibacterial agents, warranting further exploration for pharmaceutical and health-promoting purposes. However, widespread study is necessary to screen the role of recorded phytochemicals through in vivo studies to support its use in traditional medicine.