Genotoxic effects of green-synthesized silver nanoparticles on human lymphocytes

Abstract

Background/Introduction: Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) are widely used across various fields, particularly in biomedicine, owing to their unique physicochemical properties. Nevertheless, concerns persist regarding their potential adverse biological effects, especially genotoxicity. Although the toxicity of AgNPs has been previously investigated, studies on their genotoxic potential remain limited and yield conflicting results. Methods: This study employed the alkaline comet assay to evaluate the genotoxic potential of green-synthesized AgNPs in cultured human lymphocytes. The green-synthesized AgNPs were produced through a green reduction method using silver nitrate (AgNO₃, Reasol®, 99.98% purity) and green tea infusions (Lagg’s®), with synthesis monitored by colorimetry. Nanoparticle characterization was performed using UV-Vis spectrophotometry and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), confirming their formation, stability, spherical morphology, and size range of 20 to 100 nm. Peripheral blood lymphocytes from three healthy donors were exposed to three different concentrations of green-synthesized AgNPs for 30 minutes. Results: The green-synthesized AgNPs induced DNA damage in a concentration-dependent manner, with a statistically significant increase in genotoxic effects. These findings suggest that green-synthesized AgNPs may cause oxidative stress and compromise genetic integrity. Conclusions: While green synthesis offers environmental advantages, the observed genotoxic effects raise important concerns regarding the biological safety of green-synthesized AgNPs. Further research is needed to elucidate their long-term health and environmental implications. Ongoing monitoring of products containing these nanoparticles is recommended to mitigate potential genotoxic risks.