A historical geography of surveying: Inoh Tadataka's East and Central Japan cartographic expeditions (1800–1803)

Abstract

This study examines the historical surveying of Inoh Tadataka in early modern Japan by focusing on surveying operations. Using Geographic Information Systems (GIS) in combination with Inoh's diaries, we assess how geographical and institutional factors influenced surveying distances and durations. This was analysed in relation to topography, slope, weather and resources available through government support. The results show that the average daily surveying distance and time were longest in the early expeditions that followed a favourable inland route with limited governmental support. By contrast, the daily averages were shorter in the later expeditions with increased government support, partly due to more challenging terrain. This suggests that increased governmental support was insufficient to offset the growing geographical challenges. Our research emphasizes how historical cartography is embedded in spatial and socio-political contexts. GIS has enabled us to better understand the mechanisms by which surveying practices adapt to both geospatial constraints and socio-political frameworks. This study demonstrates the potential of the GIS approach for interpreting the cartographic dynamics in the early modern period.