Diversity and distribution of viral zoonosis in Africa

Abstract

Viral zoonoses pose a significant public health challenge in Africa, characterized by a diverse array of pathogens transmitted from animals to humans. This review maps the geographic distribution of zoonotic viral diseases in Africa, including rodent-borne, bat-borne, tick-borne, mosquito-borne, and sandfly-associated viral zoonoses, along with those transmitted via fecal-oral and respiratory routes. This review informs surveillance, resource allocation, and One Health strategies by mapping zoonotic viral disease risks across Africa based on geographic existence. The overlapping clinical symptoms of these infections, particularly fever and headache, with endemic parasitic diseases, such as malaria and/or other intestinal parasitic infections, complicate accurate diagnosis, timely treatment, and case management, and further contributing to increased morbidity and mortality. The limited diagnostic capabilities and resource constraints of healthcare systems hinder effective surveillance and outbreak response, exacerbating the risks associated with zoonotic diseases. The economic burden of viral infections poses significant challenges for communities reliant on livestock. Therefore, identifying and mapping zoonotic viral diseases is critical to informing integrated strategies that address human, animal, and environmental health. A One Health approach, which recognizes the interconnectedness of these domains, is essential for managing the complex dynamics of zoonotic diseases transmission. strengthening surveillance systems, improving public health education, and strategically allocating resources are key to reducing the impact of viral zoonoses across Africa. Collaborative engagement among governments, non-governmental organizations, and international health agencies is crucial for building resilient health systems capable of responding effectively to both existing and emerging zoonotic threats.