Cement-based nanocomposites: The synergic effect of graphene oxide and cellulose nanofibers on microstructural features and mechanical performance

Abstract

Cement-based materials are constrained by low tensile/flexural strength in structural applications. This study investigates the synergistic reinforcement of nanocellulose (CNFs) and graphene oxide (GO) through organic-inorganic modification. Composite solutions were prepared via ultrasonic dispersion with varying CNFs (0–0.05 %) and GO (0–0.05 %) ratios, followed by mechanical and microstructural analyses (SEM, XRD, FT-IR, TGA). Results demonstrated that 0.05 % CNFs combined with 0.025 % GO optimized interfacial bonding, forming a hierarchical “fiber-sheet” network. This structure bridged microcracks, refined pore distribution, and promoted uniform hydration, achieving 88.99 % and 43.14 % enhancements in 28-day compressive and flexural strengths, respectively. At a GO dosage of 0–0.025 %, GO synergizes with CNFs to prevent agglomeration and enhance the mechanical strength of cement composites, while a nanoscale dispersion strategy effectively mitigates particle aggregation at higher GO concentrations (>0.05 %). This research leverages the synergistic effect of CNFs and GO to overcome the problem of dispersion and enhanced equilibrium of nanomaterials, and provides innovative solutions for the development of high-strength, durable, and low-carbon cement-based materials to promote the development of green buildings.