Irena I. Yermakova , Adam W. Potter , Christopher L. Chapman , Karl E. Friedl
{"title":"Modeling physiological and thermoregulatory responses during an Olympic triathlon","authors":"Irena I. Yermakova , Adam W. Potter , Christopher L. Chapman , Karl E. Friedl","doi":"10.1016/j.jtherbio.2025.104203","DOIUrl":null,"url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Olympic triathlons are physiologically challenging with varying environmental conditions and physical demands through three events that create a complex dynamic affecting performance and injury risk. Mathematical models provide useful insights into these physiological and thermal responses imposed on individuals and allow for risk mitigation strategies, after action assessments, and for potential training optimization. The purpose of this study was to evaluate thermoregulatory responses continuously during Olympic triathlon for athletes using a mathematical model. Methods: The Health Risk Prediction Model (HRP), a validated 14-segment mathematical model was used to predict physiological and thermoregulatory outcomes during each phase of an Olympic triathlon. Simulated inputs were derived from the observed conditions from the Summer Olympic Games - Rio de Janeiro – 2016, during the men's triathlon (August 18, 2016, starting at 11:00 a.m.). Environmental conditions were: water temperature of 25 °C, air temperature 28 °C, relative humidity 50 %, and 5 m/s wind speed. Metabolic rates were calculated based on times to finish each phase (swimming 36 min at 900 kcal/h, cycling 72 min at 1000 kcal/h, and running 60 min at 900 kcal/h), associated transition times (3 and 1.5 min), and the entire collective event (2 h, 52 min, 30 s). Results and Discussion: This work represents an initial effort to comprehensively model physiological and thermoregulatory effects during an extraordinarily complex event, the Olympic triathlon. Physiological modeling provides insights into the interrelated changes occurring during each phase of exercise and the transitions between them. Lastly, these model results focus additional research questions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":17428,"journal":{"name":"Journal of thermal biology","volume":"131 ","pages":"Article 104203"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9000,"publicationDate":"2025-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":"0","resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":null,"PeriodicalName":"Journal of thermal biology","FirstCategoryId":"99","ListUrlMain":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0306456525001603","RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":null,"EPubDate":"","PubModel":"","JCR":"Q2","JCRName":"BIOLOGY","Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Abstract
Olympic triathlons are physiologically challenging with varying environmental conditions and physical demands through three events that create a complex dynamic affecting performance and injury risk. Mathematical models provide useful insights into these physiological and thermal responses imposed on individuals and allow for risk mitigation strategies, after action assessments, and for potential training optimization. The purpose of this study was to evaluate thermoregulatory responses continuously during Olympic triathlon for athletes using a mathematical model. Methods: The Health Risk Prediction Model (HRP), a validated 14-segment mathematical model was used to predict physiological and thermoregulatory outcomes during each phase of an Olympic triathlon. Simulated inputs were derived from the observed conditions from the Summer Olympic Games - Rio de Janeiro – 2016, during the men's triathlon (August 18, 2016, starting at 11:00 a.m.). Environmental conditions were: water temperature of 25 °C, air temperature 28 °C, relative humidity 50 %, and 5 m/s wind speed. Metabolic rates were calculated based on times to finish each phase (swimming 36 min at 900 kcal/h, cycling 72 min at 1000 kcal/h, and running 60 min at 900 kcal/h), associated transition times (3 and 1.5 min), and the entire collective event (2 h, 52 min, 30 s). Results and Discussion: This work represents an initial effort to comprehensively model physiological and thermoregulatory effects during an extraordinarily complex event, the Olympic triathlon. Physiological modeling provides insights into the interrelated changes occurring during each phase of exercise and the transitions between them. Lastly, these model results focus additional research questions.
期刊介绍:
The Journal of Thermal Biology publishes articles that advance our knowledge on the ways and mechanisms through which temperature affects man and animals. This includes studies of their responses to these effects and on the ecological consequences. Directly relevant to this theme are:
• The mechanisms of thermal limitation, heat and cold injury, and the resistance of organisms to extremes of temperature
• The mechanisms involved in acclimation, acclimatization and evolutionary adaptation to temperature
• Mechanisms underlying the patterns of hibernation, torpor, dormancy, aestivation and diapause
• Effects of temperature on reproduction and development, growth, ageing and life-span
• Studies on modelling heat transfer between organisms and their environment
• The contributions of temperature to effects of climate change on animal species and man
• Studies of conservation biology and physiology related to temperature
• Behavioural and physiological regulation of body temperature including its pathophysiology and fever
• Medical applications of hypo- and hyperthermia
Article types:
• Original articles
• Review articles