Multi-residue analysis of pesticides in guava: A case study from Egyptian markets with dietary risk implications

Abstract

Pesticide residues in fresh produce present ongoing challenges for food safety, particularly in regions with intensive agricultural practices. This study assessed pesticide contamination, regulatory compliance, and dietary risk in 574 guava (Psidium guajava) samples collected from Egyptian markets between 2021 and 2023. Multi-residue analysis using LC-MS/MS and GC-MS/MS detected pesticide residues in 76.1 % of samples, with 31.2 % exceeding established Maximum Residue Limits (MRLs). Organophosphate and pyrethroid insecticides, including chlorpyrifos, dimethoate, cypermethrin, and lambda-cyhalothrin, dominated the residue profile. Several of these compounds are banned or restricted under international regulations, indicating persistent gaps in local pesticide management. Fungicides such as carbendazim were frequently detected but generally remained within legal limits. Despite the high incidence of contamination and regulatory violations, dietary risk assessment based on Estimated Average Daily Intake (EADI) revealed that exposure levels were well below toxicological concern thresholds. All residues accounted for less than 0.001 % of their respective Acceptable Daily Intakes (ADIs), suggesting negligible chronic health risks from guava consumption. While the findings indicate low immediate dietary risk, the high rate of MRL exceedances raises concerns regarding compliance, trade barriers, and long-term pesticide stewardship. The study highlights the need for enhanced regulatory enforcement, farmer education, and adoption of Integrated Pest Management (IPM) to reduce reliance on hazardous pesticides. This research provides critical insights into pesticide residue dynamics in Egyptian guava production. It underscores the importance of balancing agricultural practices with food safety standards to protect public health and sustain market access.