The South Asian Acalypha Species: A Comprehensive Review on Traditional Uses, Phytochemistry and Pharmacological Aspect.

Abstract

The genus Acalypha (family Euphorbiaceae) has a longstanding role in traditional medicine across South Asia, used to treat conditions such as diabetes, asthma, gastrointestinal disorders, and skin ailments. Its widespread ethnomedicinal use suggests promising pharmacological applications. This review comprehensively examines the origin, habitat, taxonomy, conventional uses, phytochemistry, and pharmacological properties of Acalypha species (AS). Data were compiled from more than 100 peer-reviewed studies retrieved from multiple scientific databases (e.g., PubMed, PubChem, Scopus, ScienceDirect, and others). Phytochemical structures were generated using Chemaxon Marvin Sketch, and data were evaluated to assess chemical diversity and biological activity. Key species such as Acalypha hispida, Acalypha paniculata, Acalypha fruticosa, Acalypha wilkesiana, and Acalypha indica are prevalent in tropical and subtropical regions. These plants contain various bioactive compounds, including alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, and phenolics, which demonstrate antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, and wound-healing effects. These findings support their conventional applications in managing a range of health conditions. However, toxicity profiles vary among species, highlighting the need for careful evaluation. The Acalypha genus represents a valuable source of bioactive compounds with significant therapeutic potential. Although traditional use and preclinical evidence are encouraging, limited clinical data and variability in safety profiles necessitate further investigation. Rigorous pharmacological validation and standardization are essential for the safe and effective integration of AS into modern medicine.