Vacuum homogeneous and nonhomogeneous metrics with conventional and quantized metric tensor: Singular or nonsingular solution

Abstract

To investigate whether the Universe underwent a singularity or maintained a nonsingular state, we carry out analytical and numerical analyses of the evolution of the Raychaudhuri equations in vacuum, alongside homogeneous and nonhomogeneous cosmic backgrounds. The results obtained from the Schwarzschild, Friedmann–Lemaître–Robertson–Walker (FLRW), and Einstein–Gilbert–Straus (EGS) metrics are systematically compared. Analyzing the results from both, conventional and quantized metric tensor, it revealed insights into the nature of initial and spatial singularities. Results associated with the Schwarzschild metric demonstrate a positive evolution that corresponds with a reduction in radial distance (nonsingularity). In contrast, the proposed quantization reverses this trend, leading to a negative evolution (singularity). The situation is similar for the FLRW metric, where the suggested quantization results in a positive evolution as cosmic time decreases, in contrast to the classical and hybrid metrics, which are associated with negative evolution. The analysis of the EGS metric reveals that classical evolution remains positively oriented, particularly with a reduction in radial distance. Moreover, the introduction of quantized and hybrid metric tensors fully retrains the cosmic time dependence. The results obtained are a rightful recognition of the substantial efforts dedicated to the establishment of the Swiss-cheese model, demonstrating that the EGS metric indeed facilitates the temporal and spatial development of our Universe.