Advancements in nanotechnology for arsenic remediation in agricultural systems: Challenges and prospects

Abstract

Arsenic (As) contamination poses a critical threat to global agricultural sustainability, particularly in regions dependent on arsenic-laden groundwater for irrigation. Prolonged exposure to arsenic not only compromises crop yield and food safety—especially in rice-dominated systems—but also poses severe public health risks through dietary accumulation. Conventional remediation strategies have had limited success in field applications due to scalability issues, poor selectivity, and environmental drawbacks. Recent advancements in nanotechnology offer innovative, efficient, and adaptable approaches for arsenic mitigation in agroecosystems. Engineered nanomaterials—such as iron oxide nanoparticles, carbon-based nanostructures, and biodegradable polymeric composites—exhibit high arsenic adsorption capacity, environmental responsiveness, and potential for integration with existing farming practices. These nano-interventions function across the soil–water–plant continuum, enabling targeted arsenic immobilization, enhancing soil health, and reducing plant uptake. However, key challenges remain, including concerns about nanoparticle toxicity, environmental persistence, lack of standardized risk assessments, and limited field-scale validations. Emerging research emphasizes the need for eco-safe, multifunctional nanomaterials and precision delivery systems, supported by real-time monitoring tools and robust regulatory frameworks. This review presented an integrative perspective on the current state of nanotechnology in arsenic remediation for agriculture, highlights critical research gaps, and proposes strategic directions for future innovation. Advancing safe and sustainable nano-enabled solutions holds immense promise for protecting food systems and ensuring long-term environmental resilience.