Super enhancers as Drivers of Hallmarks of Cancer: From Oncogene Activation to Metastatic Progression.

Abstract

Super enhancers (SEs) are a special type of enhancer with a unique shape and mechanism that allows them to regulate cellular processes by exhibiting a more significant gene transcription regulatory role than conventional enhancers. Tumorigenesis and metastasis may result from cancer cells exploiting SEs and developing a transcriptional addiction to them. Furthermore, tumor development may result from the translocation, creation, deletion, or duplication of SEs. According to reports, SEs closely control several carcinogenic chemicals and pathways. SE-targeting inhibitors can inhibit oncogene transcription and work in concert with chemotherapeutic drugs to overcome treatment resistance. In this work, we reviewed that SEs are essential players in the development of tumors, including the activation of oncogenes, the induction of tumor angiogenesis, the activation of invasion and metastasis, the control of immune checkpoint genes, cancer immune escape, cancer stem cells, and resistance to treatment. Additionally, we examined the therapeutic strategy and significant SE inhibitors that are helpful in cancer therapy in this research. The limits of SEs in malignancies, both present and prospective, have been covered last.