Next-Gen Models of Gallbladder Carcinoma: Linking Biological Insight to Precision Medicine.

Om Saswat Sahoo, Rashmi Minocha, Deepak Kumar, Arnab Nayek, Gurpreet Singh, Nidhi Bhardwaj, Sajib Sarkar, Nihar R Nayak, Ruby Dhar, Subhradip Karmakar
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Abstract

Gallbladder carcinoma (GBC) is among the most aggressive and deadly malignancies of the biliary tract, with limited early diagnosis and treatment options largely due to a poor understanding of its complex tumor biology. Effective preclinical in vitro models are essential for advancing the understanding of its complex pathobiology and improving therapeutic strategies. Recent research has expanded experimental platforms for studying GBC biology beyond conventional two-dimensional (2D) cultures to include advanced three-dimensional (3D) systems, xenograft models, and emerging technologies such as organoids, microfluidic devices, and air-liquid interface platforms. These models enable detailed investigation of tumor growth, stromal interactions, angiogenesis, invasion, and cellular motility. However, while traditional platforms have provided foundational insights into GBC biology, next-generation models incorporating immune components and patient-derived tissues offer enhanced recapitulation of tumor complexity and predictive power for therapeutic screening. This review critically examines the evolution of GBC modeling strategies, compares their strengths and limitations, and highlights the translational potential of cutting-edge approaches. Particular emphasis is placed on innovations that integrate immune components into patient-derived organoid systems, highlighting how cutting-edge technologies are driving the transition toward precision oncology for GBC. This detailed analysis seeks to guide future research efforts and encourage the creation of more efficient, individualized treatment approaches for this complex disease.

下一代胆囊癌模型:将生物学洞察力与精准医学联系起来。
胆囊癌(GBC)是胆道最具侵袭性和致命性的恶性肿瘤之一,由于对其复杂的肿瘤生物学认识不足,早期诊断和治疗选择有限。有效的临床前体外模型对于提高对其复杂病理生物学的理解和改进治疗策略至关重要。最近的研究已经扩展了研究GBC生物学的实验平台,超越了传统的二维(2D)培养,包括先进的三维(3D)系统、异种移植模型和新兴技术,如类器官、微流体装置和气液界面平台。这些模型能够详细研究肿瘤生长、基质相互作用、血管生成、侵袭和细胞运动。然而,虽然传统平台已经提供了对GBC生物学的基础见解,但结合免疫成分和患者来源组织的下一代模型可以增强肿瘤复杂性的概括和治疗筛选的预测能力。这篇综述批判性地考察了GBC建模策略的演变,比较了它们的优势和局限性,并强调了前沿方法的转化潜力。特别强调的是将免疫成分整合到患者来源的类器官系统中的创新,突出了尖端技术如何推动GBC向精确肿瘤学的过渡。这项详细的分析旨在指导未来的研究工作,并鼓励为这种复杂疾病创造更有效、个性化的治疗方法。
本文章由计算机程序翻译,如有差异,请以英文原文为准。
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