Ade Okvianti Irlan, Herman Parung, M.W. Tjaronge, Muhammad Akbar Caronge
{"title":"Mechanical, environmental, and cost evaluation of concrete using recycled polypropylene","authors":"Ade Okvianti Irlan, Herman Parung, M.W. Tjaronge, Muhammad Akbar Caronge","doi":"10.1016/j.cscee.2025.101255","DOIUrl":null,"url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study investigates the mechanical, environmental and cost of concrete incorporating recycled polypropylene (PP) granules as partial fine aggregate replacement at 0 %, 10 %, 20 %, and 30 %, with water-to-cement (W/C) ratios of 0.45 and 0.55. The addition of PP granules reduced workability and density due to their hydrophobic and lightweight nature, leading to compressive strength reductions of up to 48 % at 30 % PP content. The optimal substitution level was identified at 10 %, achieving a balance between mechanical performance and environmental benefits. A strong exponential correlation between ultrasonic pulse velocity (UPV) and compressive strength was established (f'c = 0.045e<sup>0.0016v</sup>, R<sup>2</sup> = 0.793), enabling reliable non-destructive strength prediction. Life cycle assessment (LCA) revealed that incorporating PP granules increased the global warming potential (GWP) by approximately 2–6 % at a 0.45 W/C ratio and 3–8 % at 0.55, primarily due to the energy-intensive recycling process. Additionally, the embodied energy (EE) increased by 5–15 % and 7–21 % at 0.45 and 0.55 W/C ratios, respectively. Although PP integration contributes to reducing natural aggregate consumption, its environmental benefits are constrained by higher embodied energy and costs, indicating its application is best limited to non-structural concrete where sustainability trade-offs can be justified.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":34388,"journal":{"name":"Case Studies in Chemical and Environmental Engineering","volume":"12 ","pages":"Article 101255"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0000,"publicationDate":"2025-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":"0","resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":null,"PeriodicalName":"Case Studies in Chemical and Environmental Engineering","FirstCategoryId":"1085","ListUrlMain":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2666016425001628","RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":null,"ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":null,"EPubDate":"","PubModel":"","JCR":"Q1","JCRName":"Environmental Science","Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Abstract
This study investigates the mechanical, environmental and cost of concrete incorporating recycled polypropylene (PP) granules as partial fine aggregate replacement at 0 %, 10 %, 20 %, and 30 %, with water-to-cement (W/C) ratios of 0.45 and 0.55. The addition of PP granules reduced workability and density due to their hydrophobic and lightweight nature, leading to compressive strength reductions of up to 48 % at 30 % PP content. The optimal substitution level was identified at 10 %, achieving a balance between mechanical performance and environmental benefits. A strong exponential correlation between ultrasonic pulse velocity (UPV) and compressive strength was established (f'c = 0.045e0.0016v, R2 = 0.793), enabling reliable non-destructive strength prediction. Life cycle assessment (LCA) revealed that incorporating PP granules increased the global warming potential (GWP) by approximately 2–6 % at a 0.45 W/C ratio and 3–8 % at 0.55, primarily due to the energy-intensive recycling process. Additionally, the embodied energy (EE) increased by 5–15 % and 7–21 % at 0.45 and 0.55 W/C ratios, respectively. Although PP integration contributes to reducing natural aggregate consumption, its environmental benefits are constrained by higher embodied energy and costs, indicating its application is best limited to non-structural concrete where sustainability trade-offs can be justified.