Characterization, Dielectric and AC Electrical Properties of B2O3-Al2O3-BaO-x TiO2 (x = 0, 10, 15, and 20) Thermally Treated Glass

Abstract

The structural, dielectric, and AC electrical properties of a B₂O₃-Al₂O₃-BaO-xTiO₂ glass system were investigated by varying the TiO₂ content (0, 10, 15, and 20 mol. %). The glasses were synthesized via melt-quenching, and their thermal behavior exhibited an endothermic effect between 600 and 629 °C and an exothermic effect between 700 and 920 °C. Crystallization studies revealed the formation of BaB₂O₄, BaTiO₃ (barioperovskite), TiO₂ (baddeleyite), and Ti₈O₁₅, with submicron and nanoscale particles dispersed in the glass matrix, resulting in a thermally treated microstructure. Among the samples, BA15T demonstrated the highest density and Vickers hardness. Dielectric measurements (0.12–100 kHz, 303–573 K) showed that both the dielectric constant (ε) and loss tangent (tan δ) increased with rising temperature and decreasing frequency. The ferroelectric ↔ paraelectric phase transition produces a distinct anomaly at the Curie temperature (T_C), confirming that the thermally treated glass samples exhibit first-order phase transitions and behave as order-disorder-type ferroelectric materials. The AC conductivity was found to increase with both temperature and frequency, with the correlated barrier hopping (CBH) model identified as the dominant conduction mechanism. Ultimately, our findings demonstrate that TiO₂ significantly influences the structural and electrical properties of the B₂O₃-Al₂O₃-BaO glass system. These results suggest that the synthesized glass samples hold promise for potential applications in advanced electronic devices.