Postpartum Anorectal and Pelvic Floor Disorders: Evaluation, Treatment, and Prevention.

Abstract

Purpose of review: Postpartum anorectal and pelvic floor disorders (PFD) are common, though under-recognized. There is limited knowledge regarding their diagnosis, treatment, and prevention. Here we provide a critical review of this topic and highlight knowledge gaps and treatment options for these problems.

Recent findings: Recent advances include dynamic 3D and 4D ultrasound of the pelvic floor to reveal pathology, anal sphincter defects, and pelvic organ prolapse. Treatments for fecal incontinence include anal inserts, vaginal inserts, translumbosacral neuromodulation therapy (not yet studied postpartum), and increasing data for safety of sacral nerve stimulators in pregnancy. Exercise, pelvic floor muscle training, and use of special devices show mixed results. Postpartum anorectal and pelvic floor disorders include fecal and/or flatus incontinence, constipation, hemorrhoids, pelvic organ prolapse, and urinary incontinence. Many patients present years later, and most suffer in silence. Early recognition, appropriate treatment, and preventative measures could mitigate these problems.