Design strategies, structural insights, and biological potential of amyloid-beta inhibitors in Alzheimer's disease.

IF 3.9 2区 化学 Q2 CHEMISTRY, APPLIED
Mridul Guleria, Arprita Malhan, Ghanshyam Teli, Nidhi Bisht, Subheet Kumar Jain
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引用次数: 0

Abstract

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is an insidious neurodegenerative condition characterized by dementia, cognitive decline, and eventual mortality. The pathogenesis of AD is complex, influenced by multiple factors including neurotransmitter deficiencies, particularly acetylcholine (ACh) and the dysregulation of mental homeostasis, reactive oxygen species (ROS), and amyloid-beta (Aβ) peptide accumulation. The latter is firmly linked to the formation of neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs) and amyloid plaques in the cortical and hippocampal regions, which are hallmarks of the disease pathology. Recent advancements in therapeutic strategies have focused on inhibiting the amyloid-beta peptide, a key contributor to AD progression. This study explores the development of novel amyloid-beta inhibitors and their biological activities, focusing on the synthesis of radiolabeled compounds used in the diagnosis and treatment of Alzheimer's disease. Additionally, we explore the roles of crucial enzymes such as Electrophorus electricus acetylcholinesterase (eeAChE), human acetylcholinesterase (hAChE), and human butyrylcholinesterase (hBuChE) in the disease's neurochemical landscape. The goal of this review is to furnish the scientific community with insight into the design of innovative amyloid imaging agents. These agents are based on diverse scaffolds including flavone, pyrimidine, benzimidazole, imidazole, pyridine, pyrrole, quinoline, indanone, acridine, and peptide-based derivatives, serving as core structures for further research and development. This comprehensive evaluation not only elucidates the molecular underpinnings of AD but also propels forward the quest for efficacious diagnostic and therapeutic tools.

淀粉样蛋白- β抑制剂治疗阿尔茨海默病的设计策略、结构见解和生物学潜力。
阿尔茨海默病(AD)是一种潜伏的神经退行性疾病,其特征是痴呆、认知能力下降和最终死亡。AD的发病机制复杂,受多种因素影响,包括神经递质缺乏,特别是乙酰胆碱(ACh)和精神稳态失调、活性氧(ROS)和淀粉样蛋白- β (Aβ)肽积累。后者与皮层和海马区神经原纤维缠结(nft)和淀粉样斑块的形成密切相关,这是该疾病病理的标志。最近治疗策略的进展集中在抑制淀粉样蛋白-肽,这是AD进展的关键因素。本研究探讨了新型淀粉样蛋白- β抑制剂的发展及其生物活性,重点研究了用于阿尔茨海默病诊断和治疗的放射性标记化合物的合成。此外,我们探讨了关键酶如电鳗乙酰胆碱酯酶(eeAChE)、人乙酰胆碱酯酶(hAChE)和人丁基胆碱酯酶(hBuChE)在疾病神经化学景观中的作用。本综述的目的是为科学界提供创新淀粉样蛋白显像剂设计的见解。这些药物基于多种支架,包括黄酮、嘧啶、苯并咪唑、咪唑、吡啶、吡咯、喹啉、茚酮、吖啶和肽基衍生物,是进一步研究和开发的核心结构。这项综合评价不仅阐明了阿尔茨海默病的分子基础,而且推动了对有效诊断和治疗工具的探索。
本文章由计算机程序翻译,如有差异,请以英文原文为准。
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来源期刊
Molecular Diversity
Molecular Diversity 化学-化学综合
CiteScore
7.30
自引率
7.90%
发文量
219
审稿时长
2.7 months
期刊介绍: Molecular Diversity is a new publication forum for the rapid publication of refereed papers dedicated to describing the development, application and theory of molecular diversity and combinatorial chemistry in basic and applied research and drug discovery. The journal publishes both short and full papers, perspectives, news and reviews dealing with all aspects of the generation of molecular diversity, application of diversity for screening against alternative targets of all types (biological, biophysical, technological), analysis of results obtained and their application in various scientific disciplines/approaches including: combinatorial chemistry and parallel synthesis; small molecule libraries; microwave synthesis; flow synthesis; fluorous synthesis; diversity oriented synthesis (DOS); nanoreactors; click chemistry; multiplex technologies; fragment- and ligand-based design; structure/function/SAR; computational chemistry and molecular design; chemoinformatics; screening techniques and screening interfaces; analytical and purification methods; robotics, automation and miniaturization; targeted libraries; display libraries; peptides and peptoids; proteins; oligonucleotides; carbohydrates; natural diversity; new methods of library formulation and deconvolution; directed evolution, origin of life and recombination; search techniques, landscapes, random chemistry and more;
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