High tin or high lead: distinctive alloying practices of the pastoral Yuhuangmiao culture in Northeast China during the first millennium BCE

IF 1.5 3区 地球科学 0 ARCHAEOLOGY
Archaeometry Pub Date : 2025-03-04 DOI:10.1111/arcm.13068
Wenxun Ren, Ruiliang Liu, Yanxiang Li, Xiaojia Tang, Rubin Han, Fengyi Jin, Limin Huan, Mark Pollard
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Abstract

The Jundushan cemetery, located on the northern boundary of the present-day Beijing, sits at a crucial nexus between the Yan and Taihang mountains linking northern and central China. This strategic location provides an interesting case for examining interactions between pastoralism and agriculture around the early half of the first millennium BCE. Under this light, this paper aims to illustrate the local metallurgical development, exemplified by the key metal assemblage discovered at the Jundushan cemetery of the Yuhuangmiao culture. It contains wider social implications on the unique aspect of the Jundushan people and their broader communication network. The new alloying and lead isotopic analyses of 39 bronzes reveal a series of changes in both metallurgical practice and metal supply network. Jundunshan is characterized by the use of both high-tin and high-lead bronzes, with tin playing a particularly essential role. They are probably the result of two different alloying processes, one with almost pure copper being alloyed by pure tin, the other with pure copper combining with a specific tin-lead mixture (Sn: Pb ≈ 45:55). Lead isotopic data reveal a clear change during the transition between the mid and late stage of Jundushan. The major type of lead used in the last stage at Jundushan (ca. 6th–5th century BCE) appears not widely circulated in the states of central China, indicative of a local lead source accessed by Jundunshan. The new data bridge an important gap in our knowledge of the metallurgical practice and flow of metal around the early first millennium BCE in northeastern China, a region where agriculturalists and pastoralists were interacted.

Abstract Image

高锡或高铅:公元前一千年中国东北玉皇庙文化独特的合金化做法
君独山墓地位于今天北京的北部边界,坐落在燕山和太行山之间,连接中国北部和中部。这一战略位置为研究公元前一千年前半期畜牧业和农业之间的相互作用提供了一个有趣的案例。在此背景下,本文以玉皇庙君独山墓园发现的关键金属组合为例,阐述了当地的冶金发展情况。它包含了更广泛的社会意义,体现了军大山人独特的一面和更广泛的交流网络。对39件青铜器的合金和铅同位素分析揭示了冶金实践和金属供应网络的一系列变化。军敦山的特点是同时使用高锡和高铅青铜,其中锡起着特别重要的作用。它们可能是两种不同的合金化过程的结果,一种是用纯锡合金化几乎纯的铜,另一种是纯铜与特定的锡铅混合物结合(Sn: Pb≈45:55)。铅同位素资料显示,在军大山中晚期过渡时期,铅同位素发生了明显的变化。军屯山最后阶段(约公元前6 - 5世纪)使用的主要铅类型似乎没有在中国中部各州广泛流通,这表明军屯山获得了当地的铅源。这些新数据填补了我们对公元前一千年早期中国东北地区冶金实践和金属流动知识的重要空白,该地区是农牧民相互作用的地区。
本文章由计算机程序翻译,如有差异,请以英文原文为准。
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来源期刊
Archaeometry
Archaeometry 地学-地球科学综合
CiteScore
3.60
自引率
12.50%
发文量
105
审稿时长
6 months
期刊介绍: Archaeometry is an international research journal covering the application of the physical and biological sciences to archaeology, anthropology and art history. Topics covered include dating methods, artifact studies, mathematical methods, remote sensing techniques, conservation science, environmental reconstruction, biological anthropology and archaeological theory. Papers are expected to have a clear archaeological, anthropological or art historical context, be of the highest scientific standards, and to present data of international relevance. The journal is published on behalf of the Research Laboratory for Archaeology and the History of Art, Oxford University, in association with Gesellschaft für Naturwissenschaftliche Archäologie, ARCHAEOMETRIE, the Society for Archaeological Sciences (SAS), and Associazione Italian di Archeometria.
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